In vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Paraserianthes falcataria bark waste against Haemonchus contortus obtained from a local slaughterhouse in Indonesia

Abstract

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Paraserianthes falcataria bark against Haemonchus contortus. Materials and Methods: Ethanol extract of bark (E.E.B.) waste and aqueous extract of bark (A.E.B.) waste of P. falcataria (at concentrations 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2.5, and 5%) and albendazole (2 mg/ml) as the positive control were placed in separate Petri dishes (50 mm). Twenty H. contortus worms were placed in Petri dishes and incubated at 37°C for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 h. Mortality of each worm was ensured by pressing the body of the worm with a pair of tweezers and keeping it in lukewarm water for 5 min before declaring it dead. Mortality is defined as amount of death individuals and time of mortality of each worm was recorded. The parasites were then observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at an accelerating voltage of 15 Kv. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 software, two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test to detect significant differences (p<0.05). The result was expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Results: The E.E.B. and A.E.B. of P. falcataria contained active compounds, such as tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, and triterpenoid. E.E.B. had a higher content of phenol, while A.E.B. had a higher content of flavonoid. In this study, P. falcataria showed a significant effect (p=0.00) on H. contortus in vitro. E.E.B. (0.8%) was able to exterminate H. contortus completely after 6 h, more effective than A.E.B. (5%) while the positive control requires (2 mg/ml) after 2 h. SEM analysis of the worm treated with E.E.B. and A.E.B. showed damaged cuticle structure. Conclusion: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of P. falcataria bark waste demonstrated anthelmintic activity against H. contortus.

In vivo study: The effects of Carica pubescens seed extract on the anthelmintic activity, feed digestibility, performance, and clinical parameters of thin-tailed sheep

“…One effort to deal with anthelmintic resistance is the use of natural anthelmintics [6]. The bark of Paraserianthes falcataria has been confirmed to have active compounds that succeed in killing H. contortus in vitro, and when observed using SEM, it shows that there is damage to the cuticle structure [7]; the same results have also been found in the fruit peel of Carica pubescens.…”

“…Blood sampling was carried out on day 0 and on day 28. Blood tests include Hb levels, erythrocyte count, PCV, leukocyte count and leukocyte differential, and blood chemistry with Frye et al [17]. 2.4.4.…”

“…Observations on C. pubescens seeds proved qualitatively positive, while the total phenol was 9.5 (mg GAE/g dw), flavonoids content 3,1 (mg RE/g dw) and 5.4 % total tannins. The use of active plant compounds from agoindustrial waste can be used as an alternative to worm infection control, methane reduction and protein protection winth in vitro study as done by Baihaqi on plant waste Paraserianthes falcatria bark [7], fruit peel of Carica pubescens [17] and seed of Carica pubescens [8].…”

Anthelmintic effect of Indigofera tinctoria L on Haemonchus contortus obtained from sheep in Indonesia

“…The damage to the anterior end and cuticle that experienced abrasion proved that IAE interacted with the nematode cuticle. Baihaqi et al [19] stated that an in vitro extract of P. falcataria's bark waste caused damage to the buccal area, and aggregate built up in the cuticle annular. Acevado-Ramírez et al [27] stated that Castanea sativa caused damage around the mouth, anus, vulva, copular bursa, and cuticle of worms.…”

“…Mishra et al[18] also found that tannins and saponins are present in I. tinctoria. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in the extract of P. falcaria have previously been shown to have an anthelmintic effect against H. contortus[19].Klongsiriwet et al…”