Mosquitoes act as a vector for most of the life-threatening diseases. The green synthesis of eco-friendly metal nanoparticles is a fast-growing branch of current nanoscience with a number of biomedical and entomological implications. Here, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a poorly studied Indian plant, Ventilago maderaspatana. The results recorded from UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the quick synthesis of AgNPs. The toxic activity of V. maderaspatana leaf extract and biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, the Zika virus vector Aedes aegypti and the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Compared to the leaf aqueous extract, AgNPs showed higher toxicity against A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. Clust Sci (2017) 28:369-392 DOI 10.1007/s10876-016-1103 150 and 180 lg/mL led to no egg hatchability. In adulticidal experiments, the maximum efficacy was observed on A. stephensi (LD 50 = 41.19 lg/mL), followed by A. aegypti (LD 50 = 44.85 lg/mL) and C. quinquefasciatus (LD 50 = 48.94 lg/ mL), respectively. V. maderaspatana extract and green fabricated AgNPs were found safer to non-target aquatic biocontrol organisms Anisops bouvieri, Diplonychus indicus and Gambusia affinis, with LC 50 ranging from 1673 to 41,854 lg/ml.