In vitro anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya

Abstract

Background and Aim: The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria spp. calls for the development of novel anticoccidial drugs. Plant extracts provide a possible natural source for such drugs. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anticoccidial activity of encapsulated bromelain (EB) in chitosan nanocarriers on Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats kept by farmers in Kenya. Materials and Methods: Bromelain was extracted from the peel of ripe pineapples using standard methods. Eimeria spp. oocysts were isolated from the feces of goats using a flotation method. The inhibition of sporulation was assayed after exposing the oocysts to solutions of EB, non-EB (NEB), and diclazuril (positive control) at concentrations between 4 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL for 48 h. The oocysts were examined under a microscope (40x) to determine the effects of the drugs on the sporulation process. The percentage of sporulation inhibition was calculated after 48 h and the inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) was determined by probit analysis. Results: Bromelain manifested anticoccidial activity through the inhibition of the sporulation of coccidia oocysts. EB achieved inhibition with a lower dose compared with NEB. The IC50 values of diclazuril, EB, and NEB were 0.078 mg/mL, 0.225 mg/mL, and 0.575 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.01) between the IC50 of EB and NEB compared with the standard treatment drug. Conclusion: This preliminary study showed that EB has anticoccidial activity supporting further evaluation at an in vivo level to develop a novel drug for the management of coccidiosis in goats.

In vitro action of papaya (Carica papaya) latex and pure papain against oocysts of Eimeria bovis

“…These extracts can also penetrate the outer layer of oocysts and destroy intracellular components, culminating in softening and damage to the central cytoplasmic mass [20]. The bromelain extract was also able to soften the wall surrounding the oocysts, facilitating their rupture [21]. These facts were also observed in the present study, as can be seen in Fig.…”

“…Thus, its environmental control, avoiding recurrence, is undoubtedly one of the critical points to be developed. In addition, taking into account the concern of the consumer market regarding the use of chemical control, the use of plant extracts for this control is very interesting, as they are sustainable and not recalcitrant [21]. The present paper presents a potential alternative use for the environmental control of E. bovis oocysts.…”

Bioactive Compounds and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticoccidial Activities of Opuntia ficus-indica Flower Extracts

“…However, the anticoccidial effects of diclazuril resulted in a strong decrease in the oocyst number, i.e., 54.69%. As has been reported in previous studies, diclazuril had significantly higher (p < 0.05) anticoccidial activity against coccidia oocysts after 24 h [53] and 48 h of incubation [54]. The results of this study showed a correlation between diclazuril (R 2 = 0.82) and OFI flower extract (R 2 = 0.91) concentrations in reducing the oocyst numbers (Figure 3).…”

Biological activities of Persea americana: in vitro and in vivo studies

“…This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and anticoccidial activities of P. americana. Previous studies reported the effective role of other fruit extracts like Puniga granotum (Amer et al, 2015;Khorrami et al, 2022;Yang et al, 2022), Citrus x paradise (Pérez-Fonseca et al, 2016), Tribulus terrestris (Hong et al, 2018), Ananas comosus (Daiba et al, 2022).…”