In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Benzophenones and Xanthones from Edible Fruits of Garcinia Species

Abstract

Species of Garcinia have been used to combat malaria in traditional African and Asian medicines, including Ayurveda. In the current study, we have identified antiplasmodial benzophenone and xanthone compounds from edible Garcinia species by testing for in vitro inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Whole fruits of Garcinia xanthochymus, G. mangostana, G. spicata, and G. livingstonei were extracted and tested for antiplasmodial activity. Garcinia xanthochymus was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify active partitions. Purified benzophenones (1-9) and xanthones (10-18) were then screened in the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase assay and tested for cytotoxicity against mammalian (Vero) cells. The benzophenones guttiferone E (4), isoxanthochymol (5), and guttiferone H (6), isolated from G. xanthochymus, and the xanthones α-mangostin (15), β-mangostin (16), and 3-isomangostin (17), known from G. mangostana, showed antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values in the range of 4.71-11.40 µM. Artemisinin and chloroquine were used as positive controls and exhibited IC50 values in the range of 0.01-0.24 µM. The identification of antiplasmodial benzophenone and xanthone compounds from G. xanthochymus and G. mangostana provides evidence for the antiplasmodial activity of Garcinia species and warrants further investigation of these fruits as dietary sources of chemopreventive compounds.

In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Active Subfractions of Harmsiopanax aculeatus Leaves

“…The Eurycoma longifolia (pasak bumi) extracts were reported to have antiplasmodial activity with IC50 value ranged 2.21-19.02 μg.mL -1 (Sholikhah et al, 2018). In addition, Lyles et al (2014) reported antiplasmodial activity of a mixture of benzophenones and xanthones of edible fruit from Garcinia species with IC50 value >2 μg.mL -1 . The antiplasmodial activity of the subfractions tested in this study was higher than that from the two medicinal plants previously reported.…”

“…The antiplasmodial activity of flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants was reported. Tetrahydroxyxanthone was reported to have antimalarial activity (Ignatushchenko et al, 2000), whereas Lyles et al (2014) also reported in vitro antiplasmodial activity of another xanthones from another plant.…”

Synergistic Effect of Garcinia Mangostana Combined With Chlorhexidine on Acanthamoeba Triangularis Trophozoites and Cysts

“…Benzophenone (isoxanthochymol) was isolated from the roots of G. polyantha which showed strong chemosuppressive activity of parasitic growth found in P. falciparum [22]. The benzophenones (guttiferone E, isoxanthochymol, and guttiferone H) isolated from G. xanthochymus exhibited antiplasmodial activity with IC 50 values in the range of 4.71-11.40 µM [23]. The tetraprenylated benzophenone 7-epiclusianone (7-epi) was isolated from the fruits of G. brasiliensis showed effective against Schistosoma mansoni [24].…”

Xanthone as Antimalarial: QSAR Analysis, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and In-vitro Antimalarial Evaluation

“…Xanthone, as one of the secondary metabolite compounds from nature, has been reported to have antimalarial activity. [4][5][6] However, further research to find optimum antimalarial activities of xanthone compounds is still needed. Hence, the research to discover xanthone compounds with the best antimalarial activity should be conducted.…”