Problem Statement: Sarang-Semut tubers, Myrmecodia tuberosa and M. pendens (Rubiaceae) are both medicinal plants originating from Papua which have broad range of therapeutic values including those to improve vitality. Nevertheless, no scientific proof is available so far on their immunomodulatory effect. The purpose of this study was to reveal the potency of Sarang-Semut tubers as immunomodulatory agent by evaluating their effects on Balb/c mice lymphocytes proliferation and macrophage phagocytosis by in vitro techniques. Approach: Bioactivity assays were performed on the raw extracts and fractions. Extracts were obtained by macerating the pulverized samples in ethanol 95%, followed by successive fractionation to yield n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions. Series of extracts and fractions were made to concentration 10, 20, 50 and 100 µg mL −1 by adding 0.5% Tween 80. Lymphocytes proliferation was observed by the MTT reduction method and analyzed using microplate reader at 550 nm. Macrophage phagocytosis activity was determined based on the number of latex beads uptake by the macrophage cells. Results: All extracts and fractions significantly increased the lymphocytes proliferation and macrophage phagocytosis activity in comparison to negative control. The ethyl acetate fraction of M. pendens (50 µg mL −1 ) showed the highest activity in lymphocytes proliferation assay, but the highest macrophage phagocytic index was shown by M. tuberosa ethanol extract (50 µg mL −1 ). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that Sarang-Semut tubers are potential to be developed as immunomodulatory agents.
Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) diketahui mengandung beberapa senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, salah satunya adalah flavonoid. Flavonoid bekerja sebagai antibakteri dengan beberapa mekanisme aksi, diantaranya menghambat sintesis asam nukleat, menghambat fungsi membran sitoplasma dan menghambat metabolisme energi dari bakteri. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui kadar bunuh minimum (KBM) ekstrak dan fraksi daun kersen terhadap S. aureus, untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri yang paling besar dari ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi serta korelasi antara aktivitas antibakteri dengan kandungan flavonoid total. Serbuk sampel kering dimaserasi dengan etanol 96%. Ekstrak etanol dipartisi dengan fraksinasi cair-cair secara berturut-turut menggunakan heksan, etil asetat, dan air. Ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi kemudian diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap S. aureus dengan metode dilusi menggunakan media Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) pada konsentrasi 20 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, dan 5 mg/mL. Sebagai kontrol pembanding digunakan antibiotik Seftazidim, pelarut DMSO, dan media MHB. Kuersetin digunakan sebagai standar pembanding dalam mengukur kandungan flavonoid total menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Analisis hasil dilakukan dengan membandingkan kadar flavonoid total dari ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi dengan KBM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat merupakan fraksi yang paling aktif dengan KBM 0,312 mg/mL, sekaligus sebagai fraksi yang memiliki kadar flavonoid total paling besar yaitu sebesar 5,624 % QE. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol dan masing-masing fraksi, 93% dipengaruhi oleh kandungan flavonoid total.
Biofilms associated with human infection have high levels of pathogenicity due to their resistance to antibiotics. The discovery of an active antibiofilm agent against polymicrobial biofilms is a necessary consequence for coping with biofilmrelated infections. Thymol and Eugenol are essential oils that have potential as antibacterial and antifungal. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of thymol and eugenol inhibits C. albicans, P. Aeruginosa, E. coli S. aureus and polymicrobial biofilm. Biofilm formation inhibition assay and biofilm degradation assay of thymol and eugenol were determined using microtiter broth method.The antibiofilm efficacy of thymol and eugenol towards polymicrobial biofilms were analyzed by calculating minimum biofilm inhibitor concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50) values. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with 95% confidence level. Thymol and eugenol showed inhibitory activity against the formation of mono and polymicrobial biofilms of the microbial tested.The result also demonstrated an evidence of activity of thymol and eugenol in breaking down mono and polymicrobial biofilm. Therefore, thymol and eugenol serves as a potential source for new antibiofilm drugs towards polymicrobial biofilm.
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