In vitro antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic extracts of mangrove plants from South East coast of India against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract

Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Treatment for malaria is commonly inadequate due to the lack of quality assured effective drugs. The effectiveness of these drugs is declining at an ever accelerating rate, with consequent increase in malaria related morbidity and mortality. The newest antiplasmodial drug from plants is needed to overcome this problem. Numerous mangroves and mangal associates are used as folklore medicine to treat various human diseases. The mangrove plant species are a good source of potential bioactive entities which exhibits many therapeutic properties. The present study was carried out to test the antiplasmodial activity of five mangrove plant species distributed along the South East coast of India. Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora mucronata mangrove plant extracts exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. Of which, the ethanolic bark extract of R. mucronata exhibited high antiplasmodial activity (IC(50)=62.18 μg.ml(-1)). Statistical analysis reveals that, significant antiplasmodial activity (P<0.05) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out and it shows that no morphological differences in erythrocytes by the ethanolic extract of mangrove plants after 48 h of incubation. The screening for phytochemical constituents in the mangrove plants were carried out and it reveals that, the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, catachin, anthroquinone, phenols, sugars, and proteins. This study shows that the mangrove plants had a source of lead compounds for the development of new drugs for the treatment of malaria.

In vitro antiplasmodial effect of ethanolic extracts of coastal medicinal plants along Palk Strait against Plasmodium falciparum

“…Among the tested extracts, the stem extracts of A. indica and J. glandulifera showed IC 50 value (43.81 毺 g/mL, 49.14 毺 g/mL respectively) at 2.3 fold and 2.6 fold concentration of positive control chloroquine respectively. This might be due to the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol and tannins [3,[25][26][27] . According to Rasoanaivo et al 14%, 57% and 29% of extracts from medicinal plants were classified as active, weakly active and inactive respectively [22] .…”

“…The importance of plants as effective antimalarials was further reinforced by the isolation of artemisinin from the Chinese medicinal plant, Artemisia annua (A. annua) [1] . Several plants with antiplasmodial properties have been proved as sources for novel antiplasmodial compounds [2][3][4][5][6][7] . India boasts remarkable biodiversity and rich cultural traditions of plant use.…”

Bioactivity of seagrass against the dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae

“…New trends in drug discovery from natural source emphasize on investigation of the marine ecosystem to explore numerous complex and novel chemical entities for the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, inflammatory condition , arthritis, malaria and large variety of viral bacterial, fungal disease [16][17][18][19][20] . In folklore medicine, seagrasses have been used for a variety of remedial purposes, e.g.…”

“…The percentage of extraction was calculated by using the following formula: % of extraction= Weight of the extract /Weight of the plant material 暳 100. The extracts of seagrasses were further tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents by following the methods of Ravikumar S et al [12] .…”

“…Marine organisms are a rich source of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites. Many chemically unique compounds of marine origin with different biologically activity have been isolated and a number of them are under investigation and /or are being developed as new pharmaceuticals [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] . Seagrass are marine flowering plants that successfully grow in tidal marine environment.…”