In vitro approaches to evaluation of Sun Protection Factor

Comparative analysis of the relative potential of silver, Zinc-oxide and titanium-dioxide nanoparticles against UVB-induced DNA damage for the prevention of skin carcinogenesis

“…For this, we employed an in vitro assay that is quick, excludes human subject involvement, and now routinely used for SPF determination [15, 16]. The SPF values for three types of nanoparticles increased in a concentration-dependent manner with TiO2-NPs exhibiting the highest curve followed by Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs (Figure 1A).…”

“…Zinc-oxide (ZnO) and titanium-dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are the most commonly used active ingredients in sunscreens due to their broad spectrum protection from UVB (absorption, reflection and scattering) as compared to organic compounds that merely absorb UVB radiation [13, 14]. The protection level of sunscreen products against UVB irradiation is reflected by a Sun Protection Factor (SPF), which is defined as the ratio of the least amount of ultraviolet energy required to produce a minimal erythema on sunscreen protected skin to the amount of energy required to produce the same erythema on unprotected skin [15, 16]. Although the available sunscreens in the market claim high SPF value, the incidence of UV-induced skin cancer has continued to increase at an alarming rate, thus questioning their true efficacy in practical human use.…”

Skin absorption and human exposure estimation of three widely discussed UV filters in sunscreens – In vitro study mimicking real-life consumer habits

“…The 3rd set: the effect of the sunscreen dose on the UV filters skin permeation The declared SPF on the label is based on the use of a sunscreen layer of 2.0 mg/cm 2 (EC, 2006;Bendov a et al, 2007;US-FDA, 2014). Therefore, in the first part of the 3rd set of the experiments, a sunscreen at 2.0 mg/cm 2 was applied for 24 h to frozen-stored FTS discs (at À20 C for max 6 weeks).…”

Formulating Moisturizers Using Natural Raw Materials

“…The minimal erythema dose (MED) in human skin is defi ned as the lowest ultraviolet UV dose that produces the fi rst perceptible unambiguous erythema with defi ned borders appearing over most of the fi eld of UV exposure, 16-24 h after UV exposure [ 7,23 ] .…”