In vitro assessment of cyanotoxins bioaccessibility in raw and cooked mussels

Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro Procedure on the Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Reduced Graphene Oxide

“…The assay was carried out according to Diez-Quijada et al [ 20 ] and EFSA recommendations [ 22 ]. Three samples of rGO (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) were dispersed in 15 mL Milli-Q water and sonicated 1 h to reduce particle agglomeration.…”

“…johnsoni CECT 289, Bifidobacterium breve CECT 4839T, and B. bifidum CECT 870T. All of them were obtained from the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT, Valencia, Spain) in sterile 18% glycerol [ 20 ].…”

“…Main findings of these reports are provided in Table S1 (Supplementary Material) . Nevertheless, none of these studies includes the impact of the colonic phase, which is necessary to mimic the passage through the entire human digestive tract and to simulate a more accurate human exposure scenario [ 20 ]. The use of simulated gastrointestinal (g.i.)…”

“…tract (including mouth, stomach, and gut) [ 22 ] and it is representative of the real in vivo environment. An important factor to consider is that the amount ingested does not always coincide with the amount available to organisms, as some metabolic processes can alter the fraction of the available contaminant [ 20 ]. In addition, some GRM can be degraded in the stomach and then precipitate under intestinal conditions [ 23 ].…”