In vitro biological activities of clove essential oil formulations against Microsporum gallinae ATCC 90749

Abstract

Avian dermatophytosis is a disease caused by Microsporum gallinae. The disease can cause economic loss in farmed chickens. We investigated the antifungal activity of clove essential oil (CO) against M. gallinae ATCC 90749. The main components of CO were identified by GC-MS, eugenol (98.87%) and trans-caryophyllene (1.13%) were found. The antioxidant activity of CO was determined by DPPH assay, the antioxidation index (AI) ranged from 86.55 ± 0.77 to 92.37 ± 0.25%, which was significantly higher than vitamin E and BHT (p < 0.05). The antifungal activity was determined by broth microdilution method and time-kill kinetics assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CO against M. gallinae were 0.005 and 0.01% v/v, respectively. Time-kill assay showed that the antifungal activity of CO was dose and time-dependent. The time taken to reduce the number of viable M. gallinae by more than 99.99% was 15 min and 3 h for 2 and 1% v/v CO, respectively. Ointments and cream formulations containing CO were tested for antifungal activity using time-kill kinetics assay. Both the 2 and 4% w/w formulations of the CO ointments and creams reduced the number of viable M. gallinae by more than 99.999% within 15 min. The results of this study show that CO has the potential to be developed as a drug for treating fungal skin diseases in poultry. Further studies on the stability and efficacy of these CO formulations in vivo are needed.

Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil spray formulation for post-milking disinfection in dairy cows

“…The antibacterial activity of essential oils is believed to come from terpene (monoterpene and sesquiterpene) and phenolic (phenylpropene) chemical constituents such as citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol in citronella, chavicol in sweet basil, and eugenol in clove [ 21 , 23 ]. These compounds damage the bacterial cell membrane, leading to increased membrane permeability and the leakage of intracellular substances to extracellular spaces [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Efficacy of common disinfection processes against infective spores (arthroconidia) and mycelia of Microsporum gallinae causing avian dermatophytosis

“…The fungal suspensions were incubated at 40, 50, 60, and 80°C in a temperature-controlled water bath (Gesellschaft für Labortechnik mbH, Germany). After 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55, and 60 min, 1 mL of samples were inoculated onto SDA plates and incubated at 30°C for 96 h, before recording the number of fungal colonies. Fungal suspensions incubated at 30°C were used as the control [13].…”

“…Subsequently, 1 mL sample of each dilution was inoculated onto SDA plates and incubated at 30°C for 96 h. The number of fungal colonies was recorded. Fungal suspension with the neutralizing solution was used as the control [11,15]. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.…”