In Vitro Characterization of Human Intact Erythrocytes Loaded by Enalaprilat

Abstract

In vitro characteristics of the human erythrocytes loaded by enalaprilat have been evaluated. Erythrocytes obtained from a healthy volunteer were loaded by enalaprilat using the hypotonic preswelling method, and the loading parameters, drug-release kinetics, hematological indices, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy view, osmotic and turbulence fragilities, and deformability of the resulting carrier cells were determined along with the sham encapsulated and unloaded cells. Carrier erythrocytes, having acceptable loading parameters, released their drug content according to zero-order kinetics. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content values of the cells decreased, particle size dispersion increased, the cells transformed to cup-form, the erythrocytes became more fragile against osmotic pressure and turbulent flow, and, finally, the deformability of the cells decreased significantly upon drug loading.

Engineering erythrocytes as a novel carrier for the targeted delivery of the anticancer drug paclitaxel

“…The overall loss of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes upon loading procedure was expected because the procedure is destructive in nature. In similar studies (Kravtzoff et al, 1990;Garin et al, 1996;Hamidi et al, 2001), all of these parameters were found to be lower in carrier erythrocytes than in normal unloaded cells. This finding is consistent with the results of Hamidi et al (2001).…”

Encapsulation of Valproate-Loaded Hydrogel Nanoparticles in Intact Human Erythrocytes: A Novel Nano-cell Composite for Drug Delivery

“…In contrast, the results of other studies have shown that turbulence fragility of the carrier erythrocytes increases significantly in comparison with the normal unloaded cells. 1,3,4,7 From the data in Table 4, no significant changes are evident in three hematological indices of nanoparticles-loaded erythrocytes, as expected from the gentle nature of the loading method used. However, these differences are higher in the case of shamencapsulated and drug-loaded cells.…”

“…1 Although erythrocytes are the most abundant and readily available cells of the human body, they have gained the highest and the most extensive attention among other cellular carriers for time-controlled or targeted delivery of the drugs and other bioactive agents. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In fact, the term "carrier erythrocyte" was first introduced in 1979 to describe the drug-loading capacity of the erythrocytes. 1 There are a series of advantages encouraging the wide spread application of erythrocytes in drug delivery, including, mainly, biocompatibility, complete biodegradability, long life span in circulation, possibility of targeted drug delivery to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs, relatively simple and inert intracellular environment, ease of handling, and so on.…”

Unraveling the C-reactive Protein Complement-Cascade in Destruction of Red Blood Cells: Potential Pathological Implications in <i>Plasmodium Falciparum</i> Malaria

“…To exploit the mechanical strength of the membranes, packed RBC (0.5 ml) were suspended in TBS (10 ml) and shaked vigorously using an orbital shaker at 2000 rpm for 4 h. A portion (0.5 ml) of suspension was withdrawn during 0-4 h, centrifuged and the absorbance of the supernatant was determined spectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The hemoglobin release (%) was determined in reference to a completely lysed cell suspension [38]. The number of complement-regulatory proteins/cell was also determined [39] in which the median values from histograms plot were converted to arbitrary units in a linear scale (1-1024 channels).…”