In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of imidazolium ionic liquids: Biological effects in fish Channel Catfish Ovary (CCO) cell line

Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents

“…Since ILs, whose toxic effects are well investigated in different human and mammalian cell lines (Ranke et al, 2004;Stepnowski et al, 2004;Frade et al, 2009;Samori et al, 2010;Peric et al, 2013) cytotoxicity data on DESs with literature data on ILs was compared. In our previous work on imidazolium-based ILs (Radošević et al, 2013) most of the tested ILs possessed moderate or low cytotoxicity toward CCO cells, whereas a high level of cytotoxicity was only observed for 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Comparing the EC 50 values obtained in CCO cells for previously mentioned ILs and herein presented EC 50 values, we can conclude that the cytotoxicity of ChCl-based DESs is in overall lower than that of imidazoliumbased ILs.…”

Selected issues related to the toxicity of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents—a review

“…A correlation has been observed between the length of the side chains and the number of necrotic cells. A microscopic analysis has shown changes in the morphology of cells (Radošević et al 2013). …”

Toxicity mechanisms of ionic liquids

“…These interactions lead to disruption of membrane physiological functions, causing the leakage of cellular content and, consequently to cell death. A strong correlation between ILs toxicity and the length of the alkyl chain was found in various cell lines such as IPC-81, CCO, and HeLa (12)(13)(14), as well as in other unicellular and multicellular test organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans (15), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16), Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (17), Vibrio fischeri, and Daphnia magna (18). In general, the relationship between lipophilicity and toxicity is a common phenomenon called narcosis (in mammals) or basic toxicity (in aquatic organisms).…”

“…In some cases, their toxicity resembles that of common organic solvents (e.g. methanol, dimethylformamide, propan-2-ol), or they are even 2-4 orders of magnitude more toxic (14).…”

“…In addition, DNA damage was also noticed showing that 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride caused biochemical and genetic toxicity in the tested cells. In order to determine the level of ILs toxicity in animal cell cultures and cell death pattern (apoptosis or necrosis), Radošević et al (14) performed a study of imidazoliumbased ILs with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion toxicity in the Channel Catfish Ovary (CCO) cells. Briefly, according to the classification of cell death there are two basic processes: apoptosis and necrosis.…”