In vitro cytotoxicity of glycol ethers and oxidation products in CHO cells

Jäckh, Rudolf; Gelbke, H; Helmstädter, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(85)90187-0

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The chemical concentrations (EC 50 values) that allowed approximately 50% of the seeded cells to form colonies after 16 hours of incubation were determined. EC 50 values for Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate were approximately 21.5 mg/ml (0.22 mmol/ml) and 4.64 mg/ml (0.04 mmol/ml), respectively (Jackh, Gelbke, and Helmstadter 1985).…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate

Johnson¹

2002

Int J Toxicol

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Ethoxyethanol is an ether alcohol described as a solvent and viscosity-decreasing agent for use in cosmetics. Ethoxyethanol Acetate is the ester of Ethoxyethanol and acetic acid described as a solvent for use in cosmetics. Although these ingredients have been used in the past, neither ingredient is in current use. Ethoxyethanol is produced by reacting ethylene oxide with ethyl alcohol. Ethoxyethanol Acetate is produced via an esterification of Ethoxyethanol and acetic acid, acetic acid anhydride, or acetic chloride. Ethoxyethanol is metabolized to ethoxyacetaldehyde, which is further metabolized to ethoxyacetic acid, which is also a metabolite of Ethoxyethanol Acetate. Low to moderate acute inhalation toxicity is seen in animals studies. Acute oral toxicity studies in several species reported kidney damage, including extreme tubular degeneration. Kidney damage was also seen in acute dermal toxicity studies in rats and rabbits. Minor liver and kidney damage was also seen in short-term studies of rats injected subcutaneously with Ethoxyethanol, but was absent in dogs dosed intravenously. Mixed toxicity results were also seen in subchronic tests in mice and rats. Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate were mild to moderate eye irritants in rabbits; mild skin irritants in rabbits, and nonsensitizing in guinea pigs. Most genotoxicity tests were negative, but chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges were among the positive results seen. Numerous reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, across several species, involving various routes of administration, indicate that Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate are reproductive toxicants and teratogens. Mild anemia was reported in individuals exposed occupationally to Ethoxyethanol, which resolved when the chemical was not used. Reproductive effects have been noted in males exposed occupationally to Ethoxyethanol. Although there are insufficient data to determine the potential carcinogenic effects of Ethoxyethanol or Ethoxyethanol Acetate, there is evidence that these chemicals are absorbed across human skin and that they are reproductive and developmental toxicants via dermal exposure. Therefore, these ingredients are unsafe for use in cosmetic formulations.

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Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate

Johnson¹

2002

Int J Toxicol

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“…Butoxyethanol was classified as a cytotoxic compound (EC,, = 6.9 mg/ml) (Jackh et a]., 1985). The EC,, (concentration allowing -50% of the seeded cells to form colonies) served as the index of cytotoxicity.…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butoxyethanol

Andersen¹

1996

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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Butoxyethanol is an ether alcohol used as a solvent in hair and nail products at concentrations up to 10%. This ingredient is absorbed through the skin, metabolized to butoxyacetic acid, and excreted in urine. Acute inhalation toxicity was related to concentration and duration of exposure; pathological changes occur in the kidneys, liver, and lungs. Butoxyethanol was only slightly toxic in an acute oral study in rats and in a dermal study in rabbits. Butoxyethanol was nephrotoxic in an intravenous study in rats, but not when administered intraperitoneally. No evidence of genotoxicity was seen in a battery of tests with metabolic activation, but positive and negative effects were seen in the absence of metabolic activation. A dermal study of a cosmetic product containing 10% Butoxyethanol was not carcinogenic in rats, whereas a mstpreventive product containing 2.5% Butoxyethanol was carcinogenic (90.9% of the rust preventive was a petroleum distillate). There is some evidence for reproductive and developmental toxicity in oral and inhalation studies involving rats, rabbits, and mice, but no such effects in dermal studies in rats. Clinical tests and reports from occupational exposures indicate Butoxyethanol to be an irritant when inhaled. Butoxyethanol was not a sensitizer or photosensitizer in clinical tests. Undiluted Butoxyetha-no1 is recognized to be a severe ocular irritant, but aqueous concentrations of 15 and 5% produced only moderate and no corneal injury, respectively. In consideration of these data, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that this ingredient may be used safely in hair and nail cosmetic products at concentrations up to 10%.

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NEG and NIOSH basis for an occupational health standard: propylene glycol ethers and their acetates.

Johansson¹

1991

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In vitro cytotoxicity of glycol ethers and oxidation products in CHO cells

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ethoxyethanol and Ethoxyethanol Acetate

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butoxyethanol

NEG and NIOSH basis for an occupational health standard: propylene glycol ethers and their acetates.

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