In Vitro Efficacy of Bacterial Cellulose Dressings Chemisorbed with Antiseptics against Biofilm Formed by Pathogens Isolated from Chronic Wounds

Abstract

Local administration of antiseptics is required to prevent and fight against biofilm-based infections of chronic wounds. One of the methods used for delivering antiseptics to infected wounds is the application of dressings chemisorbed with antimicrobials. Dressings made of bacterial cellulose (BC) display several features, making them suitable for such a purpose. This work aimed to compare the activity of commonly used antiseptic molecules: octenidine, polyhexanide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, ethacridine lactate, and hypochlorous solutions and to evaluate their usefulness as active substances of BC dressings against 48 bacterial strains (8 species) and 6 yeast strains (1 species). A silver dressing was applied as a control material of proven antimicrobial activity. The methodology applied included the assessment of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), the modified disc-diffusion method, and the modified antibiofilm dressing activity measurement (A.D.A.M.) method. While in 96-well plate-based methods (MIC and MBEC assessment), the highest antimicrobial activity was recorded for chlorhexidine, in the modified disc-diffusion method and in the modified A.D.A.M test, povidone-iodine performed the best. In an in vitro setting simulating chronic wound conditions, BC dressings chemisorbed with polyhexanide, octenidine, or povidone-iodine displayed a similar or even higher antibiofilm activity than the control dressing containing silver molecules. If translated into clinical conditions, the obtained results suggest high applicability of BC dressings chemisorbed with antiseptics to eradicate biofilm from chronic wounds.

The High Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Culture Medium on In Vitro Outcomes of Antimicrobial Activity of Wound Antiseptics and Antibiotic

“…The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations were received for OCT, PHMB, and CHX, regardless of whether it was performed in TSB and TSB+G (Figures 5 and S6). Thus, our results agree with reports indicating high inhibitory effects of these antiseptics, even diluted several times below the working solutions [65]. As mentioned in the first part of the discussion, the supplementary glucose added to the TSB did not correlate with significantly more robust formation of S. aureus biofilm.…”

“…GRAN and MICR displayed lower efficacy towards biofilms formed in DMEM than PHMB and GENTA, which did not correlate with results obtained in TSB and TSB+G. A lack of GRAN and MICR antibiofilm efficacy was confirmed also in previously reported research [18,65]. Surprisingly, MBEC values of GENTA against biofilm formed in DMEM were not obtained; moreover, application of this antibiotic led to higher biofilm eradication than application of PHMB and HOCl/NaOCl.…”

Potato Juice, a Starch Industry Waste, as a Cost-Effective Medium for the Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cellulose

“…The relatively easy-to-perform introduction of locally active antiseptic into BC provides an additional promising avenue for chronic wound treatment. In fact, a number of studies have shown a high level of eradication of wound pathogens by antiseptic molecules released from BC, both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Further, an increasing number of such antiseptic-containing BC dressings are commercially available and applied in clinical practice [ 59 ].…”

Screening Papaveraceae as Novel Antibiofilm Natural-Based Agents

“…The third disadvantage is of a strictly methodological character and concerns the methods of the pseudomonal biofilm culturing in a 96-well plate setting. As we and other teams reported earlier [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ], the commonly acknowledged microtiter plate methods, although applicable for the testing of biofilms localized and firmly adhered to the bottom of the plate well (as in the case of S. aureus or C. albicans ), are of low applicability for analyses of slime-forming (and filling the whole volume of the plate well) biofilms of the Enterobacteriacae or Pseudomonas family. The subsequent procedures of rinsing and washing that are necessary to perform the crystal violet assay often lead to the random removal of the pseudomonal biofilm and to bias the results of high standard deviations.…”