In vitro efficacy of commercial and experimental proteolytic enzyme‐based whitening dentifrices on enamel whitening and superficial roughness

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the whiteness index (WID) and surface roughness (Ra) of bovine enamel after simulated tooth brushing with different commercial and experimental whitening dentifrices. Materials and Methods Cylindrical enamel bovine specimens were acid etched, stained, and divided in nine groups (n = 8): Colgate® Optic White®, Crest® Baking Soda and Peroxide, Arm and Hammer® Advanced White™ Extreme Whitening, Rembrandt® Deeply White® + Peroxide, Close up® White Attraction Natural Glow, Hinode Prowhite, and experimental dentifrice containing papain (PP), bromelain (PB), or papain and bromelain (PPB). Ra and WID were obtained initially and after 600, 1200, and 3,600 cycles of simulated tooth brushing. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance test (α = 0.05). Results Ra was significantly influenced by both dentifrice (p = 0.043) and period of tooth‐brushing simulation (p < 0.001). Except for PP and PPB, all groups showed a statistically significant increase in Ra after simulated tooth brushing. After staining and brushing, none of the materials tested increased the initial WID. Conclusions The effect of commercial whitening dentifrices may be related to their high abrasiveness. Experimental formulations tested provided a similar effect without undesired wear of enamel. Whitening dentifrices only act through an abrasive effect rather than bleaching the tooth structures. When used, special care must be taken for avoid undesired wear of enamel. Experimental dentifrices provided similar removal of extrinsic stains without undesired abrasiveness; however, this effect may be due to the use of less aggressive abrasives in their formulations.

Color stability of bleached tooth enamel brushed with different stain‐removing toothpastes

“…10,16,17,19 The results for OPW and CDW were consistent with this observation. 10,19 Although AWP slightly increased the Ra, it did not remove stains. In contrast, EXP also slightly increased Ra but had a high stain-removal effect.…”

“…The use of toothpastes containing abrasives known to remove stains is also recommended. Some toothpastes contain abrasives, such as silica, hydrated silica, calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, alumina, and sodium bicarbonate, 2 and toothbrushing with these toothpastes has been reported to be effective in removing stains 8–18 . However, many reports suggest that the use of abrasives increases the roughness of the enamel surface 8–10,13,19,20 .…”

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Gels Based on Bromelain, Whey and Quince Extract

“…In this context, attempts are being made to develop whitening products with enzymatic action, which in some cases seem to be just as effective in removing extrinsic stains. Active ingredients derived from natural products have been shown to have potential antibacterial effects without causing abrasiveness, which can be a good alternative to those based on peroxides [ 5 ].…”

“…Toothpastes based on proteolytic enzymes have proven their effectiveness by removing tooth stains, this being done with reduced roughness [ 5 ]. Indeed, for dental applications—such as toothpaste or whitening solutions—the main candidates as alternatives to peroxides are cysteine-protease enzymes, such as papain and bromelain, described as active agents with whitening potential [ 5 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Proteases disrupt or remove the portion of protein in the film layer that forms on the surface of the teeth, thus removing the pigments that are bound to them.…”

Eficiência do clareamento e clareadores caseiros populares no esmalte dental

“…Valores negativos de WID foram observados em amostras submetidas a protocolos de manchamento das amostras (74). Sendo assim, a escovação com cúrcuma, por 14 dias, apresentou a capacidade de manchar a superfície do esmalte, resultando em índice de branqueamento negativo e estatisticamente diferente (p<0,05) das amostras escovadas com dentifrício convencional.…”