In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Tylosin on the Composition and Metabolism of Canine Fecal Microbiota

Abstract

The present study investigated the in vitro effects of tylosin (TYL), alone or associated with prebiotics (PRE), on selected canine fecal parameters. Eight treatments were set up: control diet with no addition of substrates; TYL; Fructooligosaccharides (FOS); Galactooligosaccharides (GOS); Xylooligosaccharides (XOS); TYL + FOS; TYL + GOS; TYL + XOS. The flasks (five for treatment), containing a canine fecal suspension (prepared with the feces of healthy adult dogs) and the residue of an in vitro digested dry dog food, were incubated in an anaerobic chamber at 39 °C. TYL and PRE were added at a concentration of 0.2 and 1 g/L, respectively. Samples were collected after 6 and 24 h for analyses. PRE decreased pH values, iso-butyrate, and iso-valerate throughout the incubation; increased lactobacilli, cadaverine, and, tendentiously, total volatile fatty acids after 6 h; increased n-butyrate, putrescine, spermidine, and reduced spermine and E. coli after 24 h. TYL resulted in lower total volatile fatty acids and lactobacilli and higher Clostridium cluster I after 6 h and higher pH values, spermidine, and E. coli throughout the study. When associated with TYL, PRE counteracted some undesirable effects of the antibiotic such as the decrease of lactobacilli and Clostridium cluster XIVa at both 6 and 24 h. In the present study, TYL exhibited inhibitory effects on canine fecal microbiota partially counteracted by PRE supplementation.

Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs—Epidemiologic Aspects and Clinical Characteristics of Dogs Presenting at Two Swedish Animal Hospitals

“…In one study, it was demonstrated that prednisone was as effective as a combined treatment with prednisone and metronidazole for induction therapy of canine IBD, putting the usefulness of metronidazole in treating CE in question [ 40 ]. The high relapse rate of dogs receiving antibiotics to treat CE can also be caused by an antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, as was reported for tylosin and metronidazole [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Clinical evaluation and microbiota analysis in 9 dogs with antibiotic‐responsive enteropathy: A prospective comparison study

“…This is not unexpected when using an antibiotic, and this finding is consistent with other studies, albeit performed on healthy animals 10 , 12 or in vitro. 29 …”

On the Variability of Microbial Populations and Bacterial Metabolites within the Canine Stool. An in-Depth Analysis

“…The temperatures of the injector and detector were 200 °C, and the oven temperature was 155 °C. 2-ethylbutyric acid (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) was used as the internal standard [ 23 ]. The concentrations of ammonia and SCFA were determined in duplicate.…”

“…[ 27 ] were evaluated by qPCR using specific oligonucleotides ( Table S2 ). SYBR-based qPCR assays were performed following the run protocol described previously [ 23 , 28 ]. Each sample was run in duplicate while standard curves were run in triplicate.…”