In vitro study of the interaction of polyalkilimide and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels with cells

Early and Late Complications after a Nonabsorbable Hydrogel Polymer Injection: A Series of 14 Patients and Novel Management

“…In vitro studies have shown that the hydrogel polymer does not have any cytotoxic effect on monocytic cell lines and human isolated lymphocytes, and it has low interference with cell viability. 4 Bio-Alcamid is considered suitable even for major surgical reconstructions due to its long-term safety, because it has no mutagenic, allergenic, or immunogenic proven side effects. 5 An electron microscopic analysis performed on skin biopsy specimens taken from human volunteers subjected to Bio-Alcamid implants could not document any inflammatory reactions in the vicinity of the site of implantation.…”

Large needle suction aspiration of permanent fillers

“…Early studies reported long‐term safety due to the polymer's lack of mutagenic, allergenic, or immunogenic side effects 18. In vitro studies have also shown that it does not have any cytotoxic effects on human isolated lymphocytes as well as low interference with cell viability 21. Even electron microscopy revealed little evidence of inflammatory reactions in the vicinity of implantation on skin biopsies of healthy human volunteers 22.…”

In Vitro Biocompatibility of New PVA-Based Hydrogels as Vitreous Body Substitutes

“…The cross-linking of the polymer structure is obtained by chemical bonds, such as covalent or hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions or physical bonds [9][10][11]. The cross-linker agents used can be chemicals ones, such as 1,3-diaminopropane [1], N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide [7] and epichlorohydrin [12], or physical ones, such as electron beam irradiation [13], UV light irradiation [8] and freeze-thawing cycles [14]. The structure, the morphology, and the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the hydrogels are strongly influenced by both polymer properties and cross-linker structure and content.…”

“…Finally, another advantage offered by hydrogels is that their properties can easily be engineered for the particular application of choice [16]. Thanks to these properties and to the good biocompatibility, hydrogels have shown to be suitable materials for several applications, such as controlled release of drugs [17], tissue engineering [18], filler [14], contact lenses [19] and corneal implants [20]. Another important application of hydrogels in medicine is their use as vitreous body substitutes [21] in the context of many clinical vitroretinal diseases, such as posterior vitreous body detachment, retinal detachment, vitreous body hemorrhage and uveitis [22].…”