In Vitro Trypanocidal Activity of Macela (Achyrocline satureioides) Extracts against Trypanosoma evansi

Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify the trypanocidal effectiveness of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of Achyrocline satureioides against Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. A. satureioides extracts, known as macela, were used on trypomastigotes at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 µg/ml) and exposure times (0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 hr). A dose-dependent effect was observed when the 3 extracts were tested. The concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 µg/ml were not able to kill trypomastigotes until 3 hr after exposure, and the highest concentrations (500 and 1,000 µg/ml) were able to kill all trypomastigotes after 1 hr. When the time of exposure was increased up to 9 hr, the concentrations at 50 and 100 µg/ml were 100% effective to 3 extracts. The chemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, a trypanocidal compound already described. Based on the results, we can conclude that the A. satureioides extracts exhibit trypanocidal effects.

Effect of the treatment with Achyrocline satureioides (free and nanocapsules essential oil) and diminazene aceturate on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi

“…According to Rojas de Arias et al (1995), the ethanolic extract from A. satureioides at a concentration of 250 μg mL −1 showed 100% of lysis on bloodstream of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro. It has also been reported in vitro trypanocidal effect of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of A. satureioides against T. evansi (Baldissera et al, 2014a).…”

“…The A. satureioides essential oil is composed by terpenes, substances formed by a great number of secondary organic metabolites (Langenheim, 2003). It is important to emphasize that terpernes and sesquiterpenes naturally or synthesized, had already proven in vitro trypanocidal effect against strains of T. cruzi (Baldissera et al, 2014a;Costa et al, 2011;Fernandes and Freitas, 2007). The β-Caryophyllene is a sesquiterpenes present in several plants.…”

“…in trypanosomosis control has the ability to normalize blood parameters (hematocrit, total hemoglobin and erythrocytes) in infected animals (Ngotho et al, 2011), but in some cases the treatment with this drug may have a hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic (Spinosa et al, 1999) effect, verified in biochemical analyses. In consequence of this, researchers have tested natural products such as essential oils and propolis extract to T. evansi (Baldissera et al, 2013(Baldissera et al, , 2014bDe Dorneles et al, 2013;Gressler et al, 2012), as well as, recently, in vitro trypanocidal activity of the extracts of Achyrocline satureioides on T. evansi (Baldissera et al, 2014a). Nanomolecule drugs present some advantages over conventional drugs, such as slow gradual controlled release, increased bioavailability and reduced toxicity (Roco, 2003).…”

Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review

“…According to Carmo et al (2015) [ 61 ] and Baldissera et al (2014) [ 62 ], the essential oil from the species Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.…”

Insight into Trypanosomiasis in Animals: Various Approaches for its Diagnosis, Treatment and Control: A Review

“…Treatment with essential oil of achyrocline satureioides in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi revealed that essential oil did not eliminate the parasites from the bloodstream, but it reduced the number of trypanosomes, mainly by its nanoencapsulated form so, association of this natural product with a trypanocidal drug may enhance its curative effect (Baldissera et al, 2014a). Study on pre-clinical mouse model indicated that Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) from protozoan parasites may as a potential drug target of trypanosomiasis (Rochani et al, 2014).…”