In vivo anti-ulcer, anti-stress, anti-allergic, and functional properties of Gymnemic Acid Isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R Br

Abstract

BackgroundGymnema sylvestre is a highly valued ethno pharmacologically important medicinal plant used currently in many poly-herbal formulations due to its potential antidiabetic activity and other health benefits. The present study was carried out to analyze the anti-stress, anti-allergic, and antiulcer activity of the bioactive compounds present in Gymnema sylvestre leaves.MethodsThe preliminary phytochemical screening for bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. The antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging method. The characterization of the extract was carried out using standard compound by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and phytochemical analysis in terms of total phenol, total flavonoids, reducing power and antioxidant potentials, etc. The in vivo studies on albino mice proved the purified fraction has anti-stress/anti-allergic activity against milk induced leucocytosis/eosinophilia and able to inhibit the aspirin induced gastric ulcers.ResultsThe quantitative estimation for aqueous extract exhibited total antioxidant (9.13 ± 0.04 μg/g), flavonoids (125.62 ± 26.84 μg/g), tannin (111.53 ± 15.13 μg/g), total phenol content (285.23 ± 1.11 μg/g) and free radical scavenging (52.14 ± 0.32%). Further the aqueous extract was consecutively purified by TLC and silica column chromatography. The purified fractions were characterized by HPTLC and GC-MS and the component was identified as gymnemic acid. The potency of the antimicrobial activity of the extract was studied with bacteria. Pharmacological experiments clearly demonstrated that the extracts of all plants given orally showed significant gastric protection against the asprin-induced gastric ulcer model in mice. Furthermore, healing effects were also confirmed through histopathological examination.ConclusionsThe aqueous extracts of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre possess anti ulcerogenic, Anti allergic, Anti stress, properties that may be due to cytoprotective mechanism. These results support the ethno medical uses of the plant in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Potential anticancer properties of bioactive compounds of Gymnema sylvestre and its biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles

“…Our earlier reports have also shown the potential antiulcer properties of G. sylvestre in mice. 13 So GSS is a good plant candidate for further studies in alternative medicine due its multifunctional medical properties…”

“…The flavonoids and phenolic compounds exhibited a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition. 13 The estimated total antioxidant activity was 9.13± 0.04 μg/g and the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 52.14%±0.32% ( Table 2).…”

“…13 The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. The flavonoids were estimated using aluminum chloride colorimetric method.…”

“…3 In addition, it also possesses antimicrobial, 9 antitumor, 5 anti-obesity, 10 anti-inflammatory, 11 anti-hyperglycemic, 12 antiulcer, anti-stress, and antiallergic activity. 13 The presence of flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, quercitol, and other alkaloid have been reported in the flowers, leaves, and fruits of G. sylvestre. 14 The presence of other therapeutic agents, such as gymnemagenin, gymnemic acids, gymnemanol, and β-amyrin-related glycosides, which play a key role in therapeutic applications, have also been reported.…”

“…The presence of pentatriacontane, α-and β-chlorophylls, phytin, resins, D-quercitol, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, lupeol, and stigmasterol has been reported as other plant constituents of G. sylvestre, 14 while the extract has also been tested positive for alkaloids. 13,17 Sharma et al have reported the antioxidant activity of oleane saponins from G. sylvestre plant extract and determined the IC 50 values for 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, inhibition of in vitro lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl formation as 238 μg/mL, 140 μg/mL, 99 μg/mL, and 28 μg/mL, respectively, which may be due to the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and triterpenoids. 18 The enhanced radiation (8 Gy)-induced augmentation of lipid peroxidation and depletion of glutathione and protein in mouse brain were reported by Sharma et al 18 using multiherbal ayurvedic formulations containing extracts of G. sylvestre, such as "Hyponidd" and "Dihar".…”