In Vivo Application of Silica-Derived Inks for Bone Tissue Engineering: A 10-Year Systematic Review

Abstract

As the need for efficient, sustainable, customizable, handy and affordable substitute materials for bone repair is critical, this systematic review aimed to assess the use and outcomes of silica-derived inks to promote in vivo bone regeneration. An algorithmic selection of articles was performed following the PRISMA guidelines and PICO method. After the initial selection, 51 articles were included. Silicon in ink formulations was mostly found to be in either the native material, but associated with a secondary role, or to be a crucial additive element used to dope an existing material. The inks and materials presented here were essentially extrusion-based 3D-printed (80%), and, overall, the most investigated animal model was the rabbit (65%) with a femoral defect (51%). Quality (ARRIVE 2.0) and risk of bias (SYRCLE) assessments outlined that although a large majority of ARRIVE items were “reported”, most risks of bias were left “unclear” due to a lack of precise information. Almost all studies, despite a broad range of strategies and formulations, reported their silica-derived material to improve bone regeneration. The rising number of publications over the past few years highlights Si as a leverage element for bone tissue engineering to closely consider in the future.

Bone Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology: A Promising Combination for Bone Regeneration

“…There is increasing interest in the application of silica-based materials in BTE due to their important biological function in bone formation by stimulating the synthesis of Col I and osteogenic differentiation [225]. In this regard, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been deeply investigated for their ability to improve native scaffold features, due to their non-toxicity, high biocompatibility, and adjustable porosity [226].…”