In vivo efficacy of 3D‐printed elastin–gelatin–hyaluronic acid scaffolds for regeneration of nasal septal cartilage defects

Abstract

Nasal septal cartilage perforations occur due to the different pathologies. Limited healing ability of cartilage results in remaining defects and further complications. This study sought to assess the efficacy of elastin-gelatin-hyaluronic acid (EGH) scaffolds for regeneration of nasal septal cartilage defects in rabbits. Defects (4 Â 7 mm) were created in the nasal septal cartilage of 24 New Zealand rabbits. They were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 was the control group with no further intervention, Group 2 received EGH scaffolds implanted in the defects, Group 3 received EGH scaffolds seeded with autologous auricular chondrocytes implanted in the defects, and Group 4 received EGH scaffolds seeded with homologous auricular chondrocytes implanted in the defects. After a 4-month healing period, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from the nasal septal cartilage, followed by histological evaluations of new tissue formation. Maximum regeneration occurred in Group 2, according to CT, and Group 3, according to both T1 and T2 images with 7.68 ± 1.36, 5.44 ± 2.41, and 8.72 ± 3.02 mm 2 defect area respectively after healing. The difference in the defect size was statistically significant after healing between the experimental groups. Group 3 showed significantly greater regeneration according to CT scans and T1 and T2 images. The neocartilage formed over the underlying old cartilage with no distinct margin in histological evaluation.The EGH scaffolds have the capability of regeneration of nasal cartilage defects and

Advances in Translational 3D Printing for Cartilage, Bone, and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

“…The neocartilage could integrate with the native cartilage and accelerated the regeneration of nasal cartilage defects. [ 73 ]…”

“…The neocartilage could integrate with the native cartilage and accelerated the regeneration of nasal cartilage defects. [73] Besides natural macromolecules, some synthetic biomaterials with superior mechanical properties and biocompatibility have also been explored for 3D printing of cartilage tissues. For example, meniscus is a wedge-shaped fibrocartilaginous tissue that plays critical roles in load transferring and energy absorbing, as well as protecting the knee joint.…”

Biomedical Applications of MXene‐Integrated Composites: Regenerative Medicine, Infection Therapy, Cancer Treatment, and Biosensing

“…Tissue engineering employs scaffold/biomaterials, cells, and biological molecules to restore or improve tissue and organ function. [ 29 ] Among the several scaffold biomaterials that have been used in tissue engineering, hydrogels have garnered the most interest due to their adaptability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as their ability to generate a biomimetic 3D microenvironment to support cell activity. [ 30 ] To promote electrophysiological properties of wound dressing materials (e.g., hydrogels), they can be integrated with conductive particles like MXenes.…”

Designing functional hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering

“… 3D bioprinted hydrogels Components Physicochemical properties Biofunctions Ref. HA/PU HA, polyurethane High elastic recovery; processability Promoting self-aggregation and chondrogenesis of MSCs [ 155 ] HA/alginate HA, alginate Printability; biodegradability Promoting chondrogenic genes expression and ECM deposition [ 157 ] HA/elastin/Gel HA, elastin, gelatin Printability with reproducible outcomes Supporting the penetration, proliferation and chondrogenesis of chondrocytes [ 158 ] HA-MA/Gel-MA HA, gelatin, methacrylic anhydride (MA) Controllable pore structure; optimum degradation rate Maintaining chondrocyte phenotype, promoting ECM deposition; accelerating mature cartilage regeneration [ [160] , [161] , [162] ] HA-MA/PCL HA, MA, polycaprolactone Biomimetic multiphase structure; sustained release of drugs Inhibiting inflammation, repairing osteochondral damage; restoring motor function of joints [ 163 ] HA-MA/ECM HA, MA, ECM Improving the compressive strength and modulus Providing a suitable microenvironment to encapsulate and cultivate cells [ 164 ] HA-MA/p (HPMAm-lac)-PEG HA, MA, triblock copolymers Thermosensitive, improving printability Promoting formation of hyaline cartilage (lower concentrations) and fibrocartilage (higher concentrations) [ 165 ] HA-MA-PBA/Gel-MA/HA-Dopa HA, MA, phenylboronic acid, gelatin, dopamine Microporosity; injectability; tissue adhesion; sustained release of drug Promoting chondrogenesis of BMSCs; accelerating articular cartilage repair and regeneration [ 166 ] HA-Ac-PBA/PVA/Gel-HS Acrylated HA, phenylboronic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, thiolated gelatin Tunable viscoelasticity; shear thinning property; high structural fidelity Main...…”

“…Shokri et al. designed a porous 3D printed scaffold composed of HA, elastin, and gelatin, which supported the penetration, proliferation, and chondrogenesis of chondrocytes, along with the regeneration of nasal septal cartilage defects [ 158 ].…”