In Vivo Evaluation of Fine Needle Amperometric Glucose Sensors Implanted in Rabbit's Blood Vessel

Abstract

Fine needle amperometric glucose sensors having outer membrane of heparin in addition of polyurethane/polydimethylsiloxane film were prepared and their glucose sensor properties were evaluated in phosphate buffer solution and in vivo monitoring by the implantation of the sensor in veins of rabbit ears. The sensitivity of the sensor was 2.2 μA mM −1 cm −2 and the detection limit for glucose was 77 μM (based on S/N = 3). Glucose sensors without heparin membrane showed glucose response on the day of implantation in vein, while reliable response was not obtained on the second day. On the other hand, the sensor with heparin outer membrane provided clear glucose response also after two days of implantation. This result indicated that the introduction of heparin membrane increased the biocompatibility of the sensor and improved the stability of sensor in vein.

In Vivo Chemical Sensors: Role of Biocompatibility on Performance and Utility

“…Noncovalent heparin immobilization to surfaces relies on either doping heparin into polymeric films or ion pairing interactions between heparin’s anionic carboxylate or sulfate groups and appropriate cationic counterions. , With noncovalent immobilization strategies, heparin gradually leaches from the material to the surrounding blood, which is useful for circumventing the issues caused by systemic heparin administration. Edagawa and co-workers modified needle-type glucose sensors with a cationic layer of polyethylenimine, which was then utilized to adsorb heparin . The in vivo performance of control and heparin-coated sensors was evaluated over 2 days in rabbit ear veins.…”

“…Edagawa and coworkers modified needle-type glucose sensors with a cationic layer of polyethylenimine, which was then utilized to adsorb heparin. 169 The in vivo performance of control and heparin-coated sensors was evaluated over 2 days in rabbit ear veins. Although control sensors stopped functioning after 18 hours, the heparin-coated sensors retained satisfactory accuracy (as determined via Clarke Error Grid analysis) 170 over the entire 2 day implantation period, presumably due to reduced thrombosis.…”

“…Regardless of the strategy, evidence to support the ability of heparin-immobilized or heparin-mimicking materials to improve the analytical biocompatibility of intravascular sensors remains limited. While at least one report has verified improvements to the in vivo performance of intravascular glucose sensors, 169 the required heparin amounts and release rates associated with these strategies are still unclear. As such, the achievable degrees of thrombus reduction on these materials and potential benefits to in vivo sensor performance should be systematically investigated.…”

The application of graphene for in vitro and in vivo electrochemical biosensing

“…Numerous advantages have been obtained such as direct and rapid measurement, instrumental simplicity, accuracy, stability, high sensitivity and selectivity, minimally invasive implantable devices and others (Jackowska and Krysinski, 2013; Wang, 2008; Zhang et al, 2014). In the last two decades, some devices have been proposed for use in vivo including electrochemical sensors (Caffrey et al, 2015;Grant et al, 2001;Gyetvai et al, 2009;Harreither et al, 2013;Hurst and Clark, 2003;Jacobs et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2012aLiu et al, , 2015Ragones et al, 2015;Shao et al, 2013;Swamy and Venton, 2007;Wang et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2007); and biosensors (Abel and von Woedtke, 2002;Chai et al, 2013;Deng et al, 2008;Edagawa et al, 2014;Lin et al, 2013;Lowry and Fillenz, 2001;Lu et al, 2013;Pohanka et al, 2009;Ren et al, 2013;Ricci et al, 2007;Santos et al, 2015a;Tian et al, 2005;Yu et al, 2011aYu et al, , 2011bZhang et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2009). In this context, recently, graphene has also been used in electrochemical sensors (Arvand and Ghodsi, 2013;Manibalan et al, 2015;Zhu et al, 2011) and biosensors (Gu et al, 2014(Gu et al, , 2012 for in vivo applications.…”