In vivo histomorphologically evaluate of the initial bone healing in geopolymer-carbonated apatite nanocomposites as a potential dental implant material

Abstract

Introduction: Dental implants have become more common treatment for replacing missing teeth. Titanium and zirconia have been widely applied as dental implant material because of their excellent biocompatibility and biomechanics properties. However, they are lack of biologically active surface that encourages osseointegration and their mechanical properties significant different from enamel and dentin value. Carbonate apatite Ca10(PO4)x(CO3)y(OH)z comprises a chemical composition closer to bone and enamel. Calcium phosphate are widely used as biomaterials, their osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties have shown beneficial effect on bone osteogenesis. Geopolymers are ceramic-like inorganic polymers, they have excellent mechanical properties, bioactivity, biocompatibility, suitable for hard tissue prostheses, and environmentally friendly. The aim of the study was to evaluate the initial bone healing in geopolymer-carbonated apatite (CHA) nanocomposites. Methods: Geopolymer-CHA nanocomposites samples were prepared in cylinder of 3 mm diameter and 6 mm thickness and placed in the tibia of eight healthy male breeding New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.0 to 3.5 kg and 6 month aged. Experimental subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups for evaluating initial bone healing capability around samples to 14 and 28 days histomorphologically. Wilcoxon test was performed and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant, Minitab software version 13 was used. Result:Granulation tissue, woven, and lamellar bone were analyzed. Day 14 revealed a reactive bone formation, which was characterized by granulation tissue, fibroblasts were in an organized extracellular collagen matrix, osteoblast that directly laid out woven bone contained of immature osteoids, and immature osteocytes were observed. The formation of dense fibrocollagen connective tissue that would be the cartilage, osteoblasts, osteoids, and osteocytes showed more mature while woven bone became denser at day 28.Conclusion: Geopolymer-CHA nanocomposites was a potential dental implant material from mechanical and biological properties point of view.Keywords: Histomorphologically, initial bone response, geopolimer-carbonated apatite nanocomposites, dental implant material

Analysis of Bone Density and Bone Morphometry by Periapical Radiographs in Dental Implant Osseointegration Process

“…Implant surgeries were performed by an experienced surgeon with a standardized protocol with slight modification [ 32 ]. The implant installation was performed following the manufacturer's recommendation.…”

Geopolymers: Advanced Materials in Medicine, Energy, Anticorrosion and Environmental Protection

“…On the 14th day of the study, reactive bone formation was reported. Moreover, osteoids, osteoblasts and osteocytes demonstrated higher maturity, and the woven bone was denser after 28 days [40].…”

“…The next paper [40] discussed the impact of geopolymer-carbonate apatite nanocomposites on early bone healing. For this purpose, nanocomposite samples were introduced into the tibia of rabbits (New Zealand White male, 3.0-3.5 kg weight, age-6 months).…”

“…In Table 1, the above-presented application of geopolymers for biomedical areas is briefly summarized. [25,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”