“…Different MS approaches with various sampling, separation, and ionization techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and inductively couple plasma (ICP), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), can be used in omics research, biomarker discovers, qualitative and quantitative detection [ 36 ]. Particularly, ambient ionization (AI)-MS (e.g., paper spray [ 37 ]; desorption electrospray ionization, DESI) [ 38 ], and direct ionization (DI)-MS techniques (e.g., proton transfer reaction, PTR) [ 17 ], have been used for diagnosing COVID-19, and other direct ionization/sampling methods using direct sampling/ionization with medical swab [ 39 , 40 ] also show potential for COVID-19 studies. Significant MS-based metabolomic and proteomic studies on COVID-19-related human body fluids have been achieved [ 30 , 41 – 47 ].…”