In Vivo Wound Healing and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Phlomis russeliana Extract Gel Formulations

Abstract

The air-dried aerial parts of Phlomis russeliana (Sims) Lag. Ex Benth. was extracted by methanol and fractionated by n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate, respectively. The wound healing properties of P. russeliana extract gel was evaluated using the in vivo excisional wound model using Balb-c mice. Initially, the P. russeliana methanol extract showed LOX inhibitory activity at IC50 = 23.2 µg/mL, whereas the DPPH• assay showed IC50 = 0.89 mg/mL, and the ABTS• assay showed IC50 = 0.99 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the cell culture assay. Thereafter, activity-guided fractionation was performed by LOX enzyme inhibition assays, and the structures of the two most active fractions were revealed by both GC–FID and GC/MS analyses, simultaneously. Phytol and 1-heptadecanoic acid were characterized as the active constituents. Moreover, the P. russeliana extract gel formulation was applied for in vivo tests, where the new gel formulation supported the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity findings. As a conclusion, this experimental results support the wound healing evidence based on the ethnobotanical application of Phlomis species with further potential.

Modulation of cigarette smoke extract-induced human bronchial epithelial damage by eucalyptol and curcumin

“…Nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide and indirect marker of inflammation, was examined by using the Griess method in cell medium. 33 Briefly, cell supernatants were mixed with an equal amount of Griess reagent composed of sulfanilamide (1%, w/v), o -phosphoric acid and N -(1-naphtyl)ethylenediamine (0.1%, w/v) at 25°C and incubated for 5 min. Absorbances correlated with standard sodium nitrite concentration were detected at 540 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific™ Multiskan, Finland).…”

Phytochemical and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of Phlomis pungens

“…GC-MS analysis proved the presence of hexadecanoic acid, which is a saturatted fatty acid known for various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory [13] by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, hexadecanoic acid can be considered as the major component responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of PP as it was quoted from previous studies [14]. However, although, in the past works, the antioxidant activity evaluation was performed with PP methanol extract, the derived results in this study differed from the previous one [15,16].…”

Separation and anti‐inflammatory evaluation of phytochemical constituents from Pleurospermum candollei (Apiaceae) by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography with continuous sample load

“…Previously, the crude or the pure components from Pleurospermum species, for example, Pleurospermum kamtschaticum [33] and P. amabile [15], have been reported to exert anti‐inflammatory. In addition, luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside [34], furanocoumarins [35], and heptadecanoic acid [36] have also been reported for their anti‐inflammatory activities. However, trans ‐asarone (also known as α‐asarone) being the main constituent reported from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma [37] has shown anti‐inflammatory properties, and this compound has also been useful in treating asthma [38].…”