Inactivation of Enterovirus by Glutaraldehyde

The activity of glutaraldehyde (GTA) at low concentrations (<2%) against poliovirus was assessed by a suspension procedure. The inactivation kinetics showed that concentrations of .0.10% were effective against purified poliovirus at pH 7.2; a 1 loglo reduction was obtained in 70 min with 0.02% GTA, and a 3 log1o reduction was obtained in 30 min with 0.10% GTA. GTA activity at low concentrations was greatly enhanced at alkaline pH, but was completely abolished at acid pH. In contrast, the inactivation assays on poliovirus RNA showed that it was highly resistant to GTA at concentrations up to 1.0% at pH 7.2. At pH 8.3 a low inactivation was noticed with 1.0% GTA. Our results are of relevance to hospital practice in digestive endoscopy investigations because there has been an increasing tendency to use low concentrations of GTA and very short contact times in disinfection procedures.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Activity of glutaraldehyde at low concentrations (less than 2%) against poliovirus and its relevance to gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection procedures

Bailly

Chambon

Peigue-Lafeuille

et al. 1991

“…Glutaraldehyde is a rapid crosslinking agent for protein (2, 7, 11, 12); its rapid reactivity was observed in septage, as the vast majority of the decline of all tested agents was observed within the first 30 min to 1 h after application. Nonlinear rates of inactivation of coxsackieviruses by glutaraldehyde have also been described (13) typical 4,000-liter (ca. 1,000-gal) septic tank, whereas that for analytical grade would be over $2,000.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Septage treatments to reduce the numbers of bacteria and polioviruses

Stramer¹,

Cliver²

1984

Disposal of the pumped contents of septic tanks (septage) represents a possible means of dissemination of enteric pathogens including viruses, since persistence of enteroviruses in septic tank sludge for greater than 100 days has been demonstrated. The risk of exposure to potentially infectious agents can be reduced by disinfecting septages before their disposal. Of the septage disinfectants examined (technical and analytical grade glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, heat treatments, and a combination of heat and hydrogen peroxide), the treatment including hydrogen peroxide (5 mg, plus 0.33 mg of trichloroacetic acid, per ml of septage) and 55°C killed virtually all the bacteria in septage within h, whereas 55°C alone inactivated inoculated polioviruses within 30 min. Virus was the most sensitive to heat, whereas fecal coliforms appeared to be the most sensitive to all chemical treatments. The responses of fecal streptococci and virus to both grades of glutaraldehyde (each at 1 mg/ml) were similar. Virus was more resistant than either fecal streptococci or total bacteria to low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (1 to 5 mg/ml); however, virus and fecal streptococci were more labile than total bacteria to the highest peroxide concentration (10 mg/ml) examined. It is possible that the treatment combining heat and hydrogen peroxide was the most effective in reducing the concentrations of all bacteria, because catalase and peroxidases as well as other enzymes were heat inactivated, although catalase seems the most likely cause of damage. However, this most effective treatment does not appear to be practical for on-site use as performed, so further work on septage disinfection is recommended.

“…Vaccine strains of polioviruses were the most frequently used (2,14,20,23), particularly the Sabin strain, which is known to be very resistant to GTA-containing disinfectants (23). There have been few reports of the use of wild strains of coxsackievirus type B3 (21,22). In some studies the origin (prototype or clinical isolates) of the test virus strains was not specified (4,5,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative sensitivity of the echovirus type 25 JV-4 prototype strain and two recent isolates to glutaraldehyde at low concentrations

Chambon

Bailly

Peigue-Lafeuille

1994

The sensitivity of two recently isolated antigenic variants of echovirus type 25 (Montpellier 76-1262 and Thionville 86-222) to glutaraldehyde (GTA) at low concentrations was compared with that of the JV-4 prototype strain. The purified viruses were treated under the same conditions with GTA at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.10%X. The wild strains exhibited significantly lower sensitivity to GTA than did the prototype strain; with 0.10%/c GTA, a 2 log10 unit reduction was obtained in 5 min for JV-4 and in 60 and 80 min for Montpellier 76-1262 and Thionville 86-222, respectively. A comparison with previous results obtained with poliovirus type 1 showed that the inactivation rates of echovirus type 25 wild strains were fivefold lower than those of the poliovirus type 1 Sabin strain. The comparative electrophoretic and immunoblot analyses showed differences in the results of GTA binding with capsid proteins of the viruses. Unlike in the poliovirus type 1 Mahoney strain and in the echovirus type 25 JV-4 reference strain, GTA produced only minor intermolecular cross-linkings in the viral particles of the two wild strains of echovirus type 25. Our results suggest that there are both intertypic and intratypic differences in the GTA sensitivities of enterovirus strains. They are of relevance to disinfection procedures in digestive endoscopy and to the choice of the enterovirus strain used for evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants.