Inactivation of F-specific bacteriophages during flocculation with polyaluminum chloride – A mechanistic study

Kreißel, Katja; Bösl, M.; Hügler, Michael; Lipp, P.; Franzreb, Matthias; Hambsch, B.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.026

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ten mL samples were collected at predetermined intervals, flocs separated by centrifugation (12,000g, 30 min), and floc pellets dissolved in 6% beef extract after elevating pH to 9.5. [15][16][17][18]31,32 Next, infective viruses were enumerated using a plaque assay and RNA was quantified by RT-qPCR both in the supernatant (i.e. bulk water) and flocs (i.e.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Removal and Inactivation Mechanisms during Iron Electrocoagulation: Capsid and Genome Damages and Electro-Fenton Reactions

Jothikumar

Sen

Chellam

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Virus destabilization and inactivation are critical considerations in providing safe drinking water. We demonstrate that iron electrocoagulation simultaneously removed (via sweep flocculation) and inactivated a non-enveloped virus surrogate (MS2 bacteriophage) under slightly acidic conditions, resulting in highly effective virus control (e.g., 5-logs at 20 mg Fe/L and pH 6.4 in 30 min). Electrocoagulation simultaneously generated H2O2 and Fe(II) that can potentially trigger electro-Fenton reactions to produce reactive oxygen species such as •OH and high valent oxoiron(IV) that are capable of inactivating viruses. To date, viral attenuation during water treatment has been largely probed by evaluating infective virions (as plaque forming units) or genomic damage (via the quantitative polymerase chain reaction). In addition to these existing means of assessing virus attenuation, a novel technique of correlating transmission electron micrographs of electrocoagulated MS2 with their computationally altered three-dimensional electron density maps was developed to provide direct visual evidence of capsid morphological damages during electrocoagulation. The majority of coliphages lost at least 10–60% of the capsid protein missing a minimum of one of the 5-fold and two of 3- and 2-fold regions upon electrocoagulation, revealing substantial localized capsid deformation. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed potential oxidation of viral coat proteins and modification of their secondary structures that were attributed to reactive oxygen species. Iron electrocoagulation simultaneously disinfects and coagulates non-enveloped viruses (unlike conventional coagulation), adding to the robustness of multiple barriers necessary for public health protection and appears to be a promising technology for small-scale distributed water treatment.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Removal and Inactivation Mechanisms during Iron Electrocoagulation: Capsid and Genome Damages and Electro-Fenton Reactions

Jothikumar

Sen

Chellam

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…As described in Section 3.3, the removal ratios of infectious MS2 tended to be larger than those of the enteric viruses and virus-like particles (Figure 5a-e), whereas the removal ratios of infectious φX174 tended to be comparable with or smaller than those of the enteric viruses and virus-like particles (Figure 5f-j). Several research groups, including ours, have shown, by comparing the removal ratios of infectious viruses evaluated by means of the PFU method and the total virus removal ratios evaluated by means of the PCR method after dissolution or exclusion of aggregates, that the bacteriophages MS2 and Qβ lose their infectivity after contact with PACl [34,35]. In our previous study, because the removal ratios determined by the two methods were comparable for AdV, PV, and φX174, but statistically different for MS2 [23], it is likely that the former three retain their infectivity after contact with PACl, whereas MS2 does not.…”

Section: Effect Of Virucidal Activity Of Coagulant On Virus Removalmentioning

confidence: 97%

Elimination of representative contaminant candidate list viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hepatitis A virus, and norovirus, from water by coagulation processes

Shirasaki

Matsushita

Matsui

et al. 2017

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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We examined the removal of representative contaminant candidate list (CCL) viruses (coxsackievirus [CV] B5, echovirus type [EV] 11, and hepatitis A virus [HAV] IB), recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (rNV-VLPs), and murine norovirus (MNV) type 1 by coagulation. Water samples were subjected to coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) followed by either settling or settling and filtration. Together with our previously published results, the removal ratio order, as evaluated by a plaque-forming-unit method or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after settling, was HAV>EV=rNV-VLPs≥CV=poliovirus type 1=MNV>adenovirus type 40 (range, 0.1-2.7-log). Infectious HAV was likely inactivated by the PACl and therefore was removed to a greater extent than the other viruses. A nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1), removed the CCL viruses more efficiently than did two other sulfated PACls (basicity 1.5 or 2.1), alum, or ferric chloride. We also examined the removal ratio of two bacteriophages. The removal ratios for MS2 tended to be larger than those of the CCL viruses, whereas those for φX174 were comparable with or smaller than those of the CCL viruses. Therefore, φX174 may be a useful conservative surrogate for CCL viruses during coagulation.

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“…However, several research groups, including ours, have compared the removal ratios of infectious viruses evaluated by means of the plaque assay, which can detect only infectious viruses, and the removal ratios of all viruses evaluated via PCR after dissolution or exclusion of aggregates. Results have shown that the bacteriophages MS2 and Q lose their infectivity after contact with PACl (Matsushita et al, 2011;Kreissel et al, 2014). In our previous studies (Shirasaki et al, 2016;Shirasaki et al, 2017a), the removal ratios determined by the two methods were comparable for AdV, CV, MNV, and φX174, but statistically different for HAV and MS2.…”

Section: Effect Of Virucidal Activity Of Pacl On Pmmov Removalmentioning

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of the suitability of a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus, as a surrogate of human enteric viruses for assessment of the efficacy of coagulation–rapid sand filtration to remove those viruses

et al. 2018

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Here, we evaluated the removal of three representative human enteric viruses - adenovirus (AdV) type 40, coxsackievirus (CV) B5, and hepatitis A virus (HAV) IB - and one surrogate of human caliciviruses - murine norovirus (MNV) type 1 - by coagulation-rapid sand filtration, using water samples from eight water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The removal ratios of a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus; PMMoV) and two bacteriophages (MS2 and φX174) were compared with the removal ratios of human enteric viruses to assess the suitability of PMMoV, MS2, and φX174 as surrogates for human enteric viruses. The removal ratios of AdV, CV, HAV, and MNV, evaluated via the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, were 0.8-2.5-log when commercially available polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) and virgin silica sand were used as the coagulant and filter medium, respectively. The type of coagulant affected the virus removal efficiency, but the age of silica sand used in the rapid sand filtration did not. Coagulation-rapid sand filtration with non-sulfated, high-basicity PACls (basicity 2.1 or 2.5) removed viruses more efficiently than the other aluminum-based coagulants. The removal ratios of MS2 were sometimes higher than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV, whereas the removal ratios of φX174 tended to be smaller than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. In contrast, the removal ratios of PMMoV were similar to and strongly correlated with those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. Thus, PMMoV appears to be a suitable surrogate for human enteric viruses for the assessment of the efficacy of coagulation-rapid sand filtration to remove viruses.

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Inactivation of F-specific bacteriophages during flocculation with polyaluminum chloride – A mechanistic study

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Virus Removal and Inactivation Mechanisms during Iron Electrocoagulation: Capsid and Genome Damages and Electro-Fenton Reactions

Virus Removal and Inactivation Mechanisms during Iron Electrocoagulation: Capsid and Genome Damages and Electro-Fenton Reactions

Elimination of representative contaminant candidate list viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hepatitis A virus, and norovirus, from water by coagulation processes

Evaluation of the suitability of a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus, as a surrogate of human enteric viruses for assessment of the efficacy of coagulation–rapid sand filtration to remove those viruses

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