The biological effects of far-infrared ray (FIR) on whole organisms remain poorly understood. The aim of our study was to investigate not only the hyperthermic effect of the FIR irradiation, but also the biological effects of FIR on wound healing. To evaluate the effect of FIR on a skin wound site, the speed of full-thickness skin wound healing was compared among groups with and without FIR using a rat model. We measured the skin wound area, skin blood flow, and skin temperature before and during FIR irradiation, and we performed histological inspection. Wound healing was significantly more rapid with than without FIR. Skin blood flow and skin temperature did not change significantly before or during FIR irradiation. Histological findings revealed greater collagen regeneration and infiltration of fibroblasts that expressed transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in wounds in the FIR group than in the group without FIR. Stimulation of the secretion of TGF-beta1 or the activation of fibroblasts may be considered as a possible mechanisms for the promotive effect of FIR on wound healing independent of skin blood flow and skin temperature.
Unfettered anodic dissolution occurs in halide-free sulfuric acid solutions for Pd electrodes pretreated with a single chemisorbed layer of iodine atoms; no dissolution takes place in the absence of iodine. Tandem cyclic voltammetry and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy have been employed to investigate the mechanism of this type of corrosion under low-current conditions. The ordered adlattices studied were those spontaneously formed upon immersion of the Pd single-crystal surface to a dilute solution of iodide: Pd(111)-( 3 × 3)-R30°-I; Pd(100)-c(2 × 2)-I; Pd(110)-pseudohexagonal-I. It has been found that (i) adsorbed-iodine-catalyzed corrosion of Pd is a structure-sensitive reaction; it decreases in the order Pd(110)-I > Pd(111)-I g Pd(100)-I. (ii) At Pd(111)-I, dissolution occurs exclusively at step-edges in a layer-by-layer sequence without deterioration of the iodine adlattice structure. (iii) At Pd(100)-I, dissolution takes place anisotropically along a step aligned in the {100} direction but in a layer-by-layer process without disruption of the iodine adlattice structure. (iv) At Pd(110)-I, dissolution transpires predominantly at a step-edge that runs parallel to the {100} direction; pit formation at terraces precluded layer-by-layer dissolution and led to progressive disorder of the substrate structure. Heuristic models are presented to account for these observations.
BackgroundRecent meta-analyses concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis is not warranted in low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, most trials in the meta-analyses had a relatively small sample size and were statistically underpowered. In addition, many of the trials mentioned potential cost savings owing to the elimination of prophylactic antibiotics. However, no trial has statistically estimated the cost effectiveness. To evaluate the results of meta-analyses, we conducted a randomized controlled trial on the role of prophylactic antibiotics in low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy with an adequate sample size.MethodsFrom March 2007 to May 2013, at the Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, patients who were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to one of two arms: those who were and were not administered prophylactic antibiotics. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of postoperative infections and secondary endpoints were postoperative hospital stay and medical costs.FindingsDuring the study period, 518 patients were assigned to the Antibiotics group and 519 to the No antibiotics group. Occurrences of surgical site infections, distant infections and overall infections were significantly lower in the Antibiotics group than in the No antibiotics group (0.8 vs. 3.7%, p = 0.001, OR: 0.205 (95%CI: 0.069 to 0.606); 0.4 vs. 3.1%, p = 0.0004, OR: 0.122 (95%CI: 0.028 to 0.533); 1.2 vs. 6.7%; p<0.0001, OR: 0.162 (95%CI: 0.068 to 0.389), respectively). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the Antibiotics group (mean, SD: 3.69±1.56 vs. 4.07±3.00; p = 0.01) and the postoperative medical costs were significantly lower in the Antibiotics group (mean, SD: $766±341 vs. 832±670; p = 0.047). Multivariable analysis showed that independent risk factors for postoperative infectious complications were no prophylactic antibiotics (p<0.0001) and age 65 or older (p = 0.006).ConclusionsPerioperative administration of prophylactic antibiotics should be recommended in laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent postoperative infectious complications and to reduce medical costs.Trial RegistrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000003749.
13 14More and more people in Bangladesh have recently become aware of the risk of drinking 15 arsenic-contaminated groundwater, and have been trying to obtain drinking water from less 16 arsenic-contaminated sources. In this study, arsenic intakes of 18 families living in one block of a rural 17 village in an arsenic-affected district of Bangladesh were evaluated to investigate their actual arsenic 18 intake via food, including from cooking water, and to estimate the contribution of each food category 19 and of drinking water to the total arsenic intake. Water consumption rates were estimated by the 20 self-reporting method. The mean drinking water intake was estimated as about 3 L/d without gender 21 difference. Arsenic intakes from food were evaluated by the duplicate portion sampling method. The 22 duplicated foods from each family were divided into four categories (cooked rice, solid food, cereals 23 for breakfast, and liquid food), and the arsenic concentrations of each food category and of the 24 drinking water were measured. The mean arsenic intake from water and food by male subjects was 25 0.18 ± 0.13 (n = 12) and that by female subjects was 0.096 ± 0.007 mg/d (n = 6), and the range for all 26 18 respondents was 0.043-0.49 mg/d. The average contributions to the total arsenic intake were, from 27 drinking water, 13%; liquid food, 4.4%; cooked rice, 56%; solid food, 11%; and cereals, 16%. Arsenic 28 intake via drinking water was not high despite the highly contaminated groundwater in the survey area 29 because many families had changed their drinking water sources to less contaminated ones. Instead, 30 cooked rice contributed most to the daily arsenic intake. Use of contaminated water for cooking by 31 several families was suspected based on comparisons of arsenic concentrations between drinking 32 water and liquid food, and between rice before and after cooking. Detailed investigation suggested that 33 six households used contaminated water for cooking but not drinking, leading to an increase of arsenic 34 intake via arsenic-contaminated cooking water. 35 36 2
The purpose of this research was to develop a simple method for predicting the powdered activated carbon (PAC) capacity for micropollutants in natural water. The herbicide atrazine and the odor-causing compound 2-methylisoborneol served as target compounds. Isotherm data from experiments conducted with a constant initial adsorbate concentration and varying adsorbent doses exhibited nonlinearity in both single-and multi-solute systems. However, at any given adsorbent dose, the PAC capacity for the micropollutant in multi-solute systems was directly proportional to the initial micropollutant concentration. Using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST), an equation was derived that validated the experimentally observed direct proportionality between PAC capacity and initial micropollutant concentration at a given adsorbent dose. The results of this study show that the PAC dose to remove any amount of micropollutant from natural waters can be estimated without the use of mathematical models from a single isotherm experiment conducted in the natural water of interest, provided that the initial target compound concentration is sufficiently low.
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