“…Also, only ~50% of rats exhibit footshock-resistant alcohol intake when 1 in 8 FR3 responses is paired with footshock (Seif et al, 2013), while all rats reduce responding when 1 in 3 FR3 responses are paired with footshock (S. J. Chung and F. W. Hopf, unpublished). This is similar to what is observed with footshock-resistant cocaine intake, where enough shocks c reduce responding in all rats (Xue, Steketee, & Sun, 2012), and even completely eliminate responding (i.e., a self-induced abstinence; Barnea-Ygael et al, 2012; Cooper, Barnea-Ygael, Levy, Shaham, & Zangen, 2007). In addition, after short-term intake, all rats show reduced cocaine intake by Pavlovian-conditioned aversive stimuli, while after long-term intake all rats are resistant to suppression of intake by these cues (Vanderschuren & Everitt, 2004).…”