Incidence and appearances of coronary sinus anomalies in adults on cardiac CT

Abstract

The incidence of CS anomalies was 0.33 %. Precise diagnosis of CS anomalies with TTE and the original transverse images on cardiac CT alone was difficult for some conditions. We should be alert for the presence of CS anomalies which can cause clinical or procedural complications.

Diagnosis of Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Lessons Learned from a Recurrent Stroke Case

“…Previous reports have suggested that up to 75% to 83% of unroofed coronary sinus cases are associated with PLSVC. 2,[7][8][9][10][11][12] A majority of PLSVC cases (80%-90%) involve the PLSVC draining to the right atrium through a dilated coronary sinus and are typically asymptomatic. 1,2,5 However, when the PLSVC communicates with the left atrium, either directly or via the unroofed coronary sinus or pulmonary vein, a right-to-left shunt results.…”

“…1,2,5 However, when the PLSVC communicates with the left atrium, either directly or via the unroofed coronary sinus or pulmonary vein, a right-to-left shunt results. [1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] According to our literature review, all documented cases of stroke and thromboembolism in PLSVC have been attributed to right-to-left shunting, and the most common mechanism is through an unroofed coronary sinus into the left atrium. 5,8,[10][11][12] It is believed that stroke in the setting of PLSVC with left atrial drainage is likely caused by thromboembolism due to formation of thrombus occurring in the left superior vena cava or the left upper extremity veins and then subsequent paradoxical embolization via the right-to-left shunt.…”

“…Previous reports have suggested that up to 75% to 83% of unroofed coronary sinus cases are associated with PLSVC. 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 …”

Surgical repair of unroofed coronary sinus with severe mitral regurgitation in an elderly patient

“…Contrast echocardiography is an option for accurate diagnosis of this type of defect [4]. Computed tomography (CT) with contrast enhancement has recently become available for diagnosis of URCS [5]. However, the loss of information regarding shunt flow is a drawback of CT. TEE is also effective in adult patients [6], because the transducer is positioned just behind the LA posterior wall.…”

Multidetector-row CT imaging evaluation of superior and inferior vena cava normal anatomy and caval variants: Report of our cases and literature review with embryologic correlation

“…SVC variants. Left-sided SVC [1][2][3][4][5] (Figure 1): it origins from the confluence of the left subclavian and jugular veins and travels laterally to the aortic arch. Its presence is due to the persistence of the left ACV, left CCV and the left horn of the sinus venosus.…”