Incidence and Control of Infectious Bacteria in Bovine Milk

Abstract

Milk is an essential source for the ingredients needed for infant growth and adult health. Healthy milk production is important for consumer safety. The aim of the present review article was to highlight on the incidence and control of the infectious bacteria in bovine milk. Raw bovine milk is considered as a vehicle for many infectious bacterial diseases such as Bovine Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Leptospirosis and Mycoplasma infection. The main microorganisms which isolated from bovine milk in cows with mastitis were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for achieving successful control programs against the infectious bacteria in bovine milk. For successful control of the infectious bacterial diseases in bovine milk, it is mandatory to follow preventive measures such as proper hygienic procedures regarding animal husbandry and handling, providing the cows with balanced nutrition, following vaccination programs against bacterial diseases, reporting of the notifiable diseases to the health authorities, meticulous inspection of the consistency and color of milk and pasteurization of milk. Vaccination programs provide protection of dairy farm animals by preventing or reducing bacterial infections which in turn can help safeguard dairy industry. The main treatment protocol of bacterial diseases in dairy cows is by using suitable antibiotics, so it is necessary to carry out drug sensitivity test before choosing the proper antibiotic. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a growing threat regards the management of infectious bacterial diseases. Therefore, the introduction of alternative antimicrobial agents such as herbal treatment, probiotics, nanoparticles, and stem cells therapy is of absolute necessity to guard against bacterial multidrug resistance. Also, animal vaccinations are important tools for protection against many infectious bacterial diseases affecting bovine milk.

Assessment of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Balanites Aegyptiaca and Curcuma Longa against Some Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Dairy Cow Infected with Mastitis

“…Other species of bacterial isolates in this study, as Salmonella species, B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa are minor causes of bovine mastitis, and this is in agreement with (Sayed et al, 2014), who isolated also Salmonella species in low incidence (4.2%), K. pneumoniae (8.5%), and P. aerguinosa (4.2%), as well as Salih and Ahmed (2011), who isolated B. subtilis (9%) from cow's milk. The distribution of mastitis pathogen strains differs within individual animals in a herd, among herds and among host species (Sedky et al, 2020a).…”

“…Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae), Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common pathogens accounting for the majority of cases being (Reyher et al, 2012). The distribution of mastitis pathogen strains differs within individual animals in a herd, as well as herds, host species and countries (Sedky et al, 2020a). The frequent use of antibiotics intra-mammary and parenterally in the treatment of mastitis has several adverse effects, including antibiotic residues entering the human food chain and the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains (Krömker and Leimbach, 2017;Mohandes et al, 2021).…”

Advances in Controlling Bacterial Mastitis in Dairy Cows

“…Vaccines could also be categorized as monovalent or polyvalent depending on how many pathogens they contained [25 & 30]. Commercial vaccines like "Somato-Staph/Lysigin TM " vaccine which is a polyvalent whole cell vaccine that comprises five phage kinds of culture lysates and "MASTIVAC-1 TM " against S. aureus, which is comprised of three different field strains of S. aureus, demonstrated a significant increase in serum immunoglobulin and a reduction in milk SCC, as well as promising outcomes in field studies [11]. Vaccines against coliform mastitis, "Mastiguard and J Vac TM ", "J-5 Bacterin TM " which is made out of the J5 mutant E. coli strain, are commercially available.…”

“…being the most prevalent pathogens [8, 9 & 10]. Individual animals in herds and countries have different mastitis pathogen strain distribution [11]. Subclinical mastitis (SCM), clinical mastitis (CM), and chronic mastitis are the three types of BM based on the degree of inflammation.…”