Incidence and predictors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study

Alemu, Ayinalem; Yesuf, Aman; Gebrehanna, Ewenat; Zerihun, Betselot; Getu, Melak; Worku, Teshager; Bitew, Zebenay Workneh

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232426

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Genitourinary TB (GUTB) was diagnosed among 5.6% (27) patients during the study period. Of these, the majority, 81.5%, (22) were male GUTB ((testes (10), scrotal (7), epididymis (5)) and the remaining, 18.5%, (5) were female GUTB ((cervix (2), endometrial (2) and…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The national TB programs, however, have focused on PTB because of transmissibility, and likewise, the majority of studies done in Ethiopia focused on PTB [9]. Some of the previously conducted studies in Ethiopia focused on the genotypic characterization of mycobacterium causing EPTB [8,[10][11][12] and other assessed diagnostic modalities accuracy and sensitivity for lymph nodes TB [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. A detailed characterization incorporating sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of adult EPTB cases is lacking in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Background Ethiopia reported a high rate of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and the cases are increasing since the last three decades. However, diagnostic evidence to initiate TB treatment among EPTB cases is not well known. Therefore, we described the epidemiology and assessed how EPTB is diagnosed in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a retrospective review among all adult EPTB cases diagnosed in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from 2015 to 2019. Using a standardized data abstraction sheet, we collected data from patients’ medical records on sociodemographic, sites, and laboratory diagnosis of EPTB cases. Results Of the 965 total TB cases, 49.8%(481) had a recorded diagnosis of EPTB during the study period. The mean age of EPTB patients was 32.9 years (SD±13.9) and 50.7% were males. Tubercular lymphadenitis (40.3%), abdominal (23.4%), and pleural TB(13.5%) were the most common sites of EPTB involvement, followed in descending order by the genitourinary, skeletal, central nervous system, abscess, breast, and laryngeal TB. We found a histopathology finding consistent with EPTB in 59.1% of cases, Acid-fast bacilli positive in 1.5%, and the rest diagnosed on radiological grounds. In the majority of cases, more than one diagnostic method was used to diagnose EPTB cases. Conclusions Nearly half of TB patients had a recorded diagnosis of EPTB that comprise heterogeneous anatomical sites. All EPTB patients were started anti-TB therapy without definitive microbiology results. This indicates the diagnostic challenge of EPTB faced in our setting and proves to be significant for TB control in Ethiopia.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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“…The majority of EPTB reports were recorded in the first years of follow-up with lower baseline helper T-lymphocytic cells (CD4 + ; CD = Cluster of differentiation ) counts and anemia found to be independent risk factors for EPTB. Those patients who were taking antiretroviral therapy as well as isoniazid (INH) were shown to have reduced risk of EPTB [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Saudi Arabian Public Health Perspective of Tuberculosis

Saati

Khurram

Faidah

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Tuberculosis is a global health challenge due to its spreading potential. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) faces a challenge in the spread of tuberculosis from migrant workers, but the foremost threat is the huge number of pilgrims who travel to visit sacred sites of the Islamic world located in the holy cities of Makkah and Al Madina. Pilgrims visit throughout the year but especially in the months of Ramadan and Zul-Hijah. The rise of resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an established global phenomenon that makes such large congregations likely hotspots in the dissemination and spread of disease at a global level. Although very stringent and effective measures exist, the threat remains due to the ever-changing dynamics of this highly pathogenic disease. This overview primarily highlights the current public health challenges posed by this disease to the Saudi health system, which needs to be highlighted not only to the concerned authorities of KSA, but also to the concerned global quarters since the pilgrims and migrants come from all parts of the world with a majority coming from high tuberculosis-burdened countries.

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“…Previous studies considered ≥ 45 years of age, female gender, HIV-positive, and the end-stage rental disease as risk factors for EPTB 26 – 28 . However, our study showed that female gender and ≤ 20 years of age were more likely to have concurrent EPTB, which were consistent with reports from high-burden countries such as Nepal, China and Pakistan 29 – 31 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upward trends in new, rifampicin-resistant and concurrent extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in northern Guizhou Province of China

Chen

Tian

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Similar to global trends, the incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB) in China declined from 2000 to 2018. In this study, we aimed to evaluate TB trends in northern Guizhou Province and identify risk factors associated with rifampicin-resistant (RR) and concurrent extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). We analyzed data of TB patients hospitalized in Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University from 2011 to 2018, and assessed correlations between demographic characteristics of patients and RR-TB as well as concurrent EPTB. Our results showed that numbers of new, retreated, RR-TB and concurrent EPTB cases increased gradually from 2011 to 2018. Retreated patients had the highest odds of RR-TB but a lower likelihood of concurrent EPTB compared to new patients. Patients between 21 and 40 years of age had a higher likelihood of RR-TB compared to those 20 years and younger. Female patients and patients from Bijie city as well as the Miao ethnic minority had higher odds of concurrent EPTB. In summary, our data demonstrate upward trends in new, rifampicin-resistant and concurrent extrapulmonary TB cases in northern Guizhou Province of China, which should not be overlooked especially during and post the COVID-19 pandemic because TB is a greater long-term global health threat than COVID-19.

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Incidence and predictors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia

Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia

A Saudi Arabian Public Health Perspective of Tuberculosis

Upward trends in new, rifampicin-resistant and concurrent extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in northern Guizhou Province of China

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