Incidence of congenital malformations in the regions of England and Wales.

Stocks, Percy

doi:10.1136/jech.24.2.67

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The theory of infection (Record, 1961) is consistent with greater overcrowding in poorer families; the theory of soft water (Stocks, 1970) is consistent with the concentrations of unskilled workers in the UK in soft water areas; the potato blight story (Renwick, 1972) is consistent with the consumption of cheap food by the poor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Vitamin dificiencies and neural tube defects.

Smithells¹,

Sheppard²,

Schorah³

1976

Archives of Disease in Childhood

529

229

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944. Vitamin deficiencies and neural tube defects. Serum folate, red cell folate, white blood cell vitamin C, riboflavin saturation index, and serum vitamin A were determined during the first trimester of pregnancy in over 900 cases. For each of these there was a social class gradient. Social classes I + II showed the highest levels which differed significantly from other classes, except for serum folate.In 6 mothers who gave birth to infants with neural tube defects, first trimester serum folate, red cell folate, white blood cell vitamin C, and riboflavin values were lower than in controls. In spite of small numbers the differences were significant for red cell folate (P <0 001) and white blood cell vitamin C (P <0 05).These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that nutritional deficiencies are significant in the causation of congenital defects of the neural tube in man.

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mentioning

confidence: 56%

Vitamin dificiencies and neural tube defects.

Smithells¹,

Sheppard²,

Schorah³

1976

Archives of Disease in Childhood

529

229

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There are apparently geographical variations in it, too (Stocks, 1970), the sex disparity appearing greatest in regions of high incidence. Mittwoch, Delhanty, and Beck (1969) have demonstrated a sex differential in the rate of development of mammalian embryos even in early stages, at least in the gonads.…”

Section: Sex Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the light of the finding by Stocks (1970) of high correlations in geographical space between ASB incidence and the mortality from various adult diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, it is suggested that the same potato toxin or a related one requires study on a broad front. Stocks found no correlation between adult disease and any other group of malformations.…”

Section: Interim Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis: anencephaly and spina bifida are usually preventable by avoidance of a specific but unidentified substance present in certain potato tubers.

Renwick¹

1972

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

112

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“…However, abnormal glucose tolerance tests have been noted in 21 per cent of women having anencephalic offspring (Comerford 1965). Stocks (1970) found that death rates of women in England and Wales aged between 25 and 54 years from each group of cardiovascular diseases showed a regional distribution similar to that for births with neural tube defects, and this finding also applied to deaths from stomach cancer, bronchitis and nephritis. Lowe et al (1971) reported that the mean annual birth-rates of congenital CNS ma [formations in South Wales for the years 1964-1 966 were negatively correlated with estimates of the mean total hardness of the related water supplies.…”

Section: Maternal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Anencephaly: A Review

Nakano

1973

Develop Med Child Neuro

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SUMMARY The literature on the embryology, pathology, and epidemiology of anencephaly is comprehensively reviewed. While there have been many hypotheses concerning the cause of anencephaly, none have satisfactorily explained the clinical findings, and the aetiology remains unknown. Present evidence favours an environmental cause which acts in early pregnancy and is associated with low socio‐economic status, ethnic origin, and geographical location. RÉSUMÉ Anencéphalie: une revue de la littérature La littérature sur l'embryologie, la pathologie et l'épidémiologie de l'anencéphalie a fait l'objet d'une analyse systématique. De nombreuses hypothéses concernant la cause de l'anencéphalie ont été proposées mais aucune n'explique les découvertes cliniques et l'étiologie demeur inconnue. Des arguments présents sont en faveur d'un facteur d'environnement qui agirait en début de grossesse, serait associéà un statut socio‐économique médiocre, une origine ethnique et une localisation géographique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Anencephalie: ein Überblick Es wird ein zusammenfassender Überblick über die Embryologie, Pathologie und Epidemiologie der Anencephalie gegeben. Es hat sehr viele Hypothesen bezüglich der Ursache der Anencephalie gegeben, jedoch hat keine die klinischen Befunde ausreichend erklärt und die Atiologie ist weiterhin unbekannt. Gegenwärtige Befunde sprechen dafür, daß es sich um eine umweltbedingte Ursache handelt, die in der Frühschwangerschaft wirkt und mit einem niedrigen sozio‐ökonomischen Status, der Volkszugehörigkeit und der geographischen Verteilung korreliert. RESUMEN Anencefalia: Revisión Se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre la embriología, anatomía patológica y epidemiología de la anencefalia. Mientras que han habido muchas hipótesis sobre la causa de la anencefalia, ninguna ha explicado satisfactoriamente los hallazgos clínicos, y la etiología permanece desconocida. La evidencia actual habla en favor de una causa ambiental que actúa precozmente en el embarazo y va asociada a un nivel socio‐económico bajo, un origen étnico y una localización geogràfica.

show abstract

Incidence of congenital malformations in the regions of England and Wales.

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Vitamin dificiencies and neural tube defects.

Vitamin dificiencies and neural tube defects.

Hypothesis: anencephaly and spina bifida are usually preventable by avoidance of a specific but unidentified substance present in certain potato tubers.

Anencephaly: A Review

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