Incidence of Microalbuminuria and Factors Affecting It in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background and objectivesMicroalbuminuria prevalence is high in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) all over the world and its prevalence is affected by several factors. In Pakistan, microalbuminuria and factors that play a role in its development in patients with T2DM are under-researched. This study aimed to determine the incidence of microalbuminuria and the factors affecting it in patients with T2DM. Material and methodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 129 diagnosed patients with T2DM in the outpatient department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, for approximately six months from August 2021 to January 2022. Patients were recruited in the study through a non-probability consecutive sampling technique and established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant hospital ethical review board (ERB). After explaining the study's aims, informed consent was also taken from all patients before the start of data collection. A self-structured and interview-based questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were applied for the data analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). ResultsThe incidence of microalbuminuria in the study population was 31.78%. The association between microalbuminuria and age (p = 0.002), gender (p = 0.003), duration of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), therapy type (p = 0.03), control of diabetes mellitus, (p = 0.001), and hypertension (p = 0.002) was statistically significant. Higher age group, male gender, longer duration of diabetes mellitus, oral hypoglycemic agents, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and history of hypertension, all were found to raise the incidence of microalbuminuria. Even though being overweight was also found to raise the incidence of microalbuminuria, the association between microalbuminuria and nutritional status was statistically insignificant (p = 0.05). ConclusionMicroalbuminuria incidence is significantly high in the study population. The factors such as increasing age, male gender, longer duration of the diabetes mellitus, oral hypoglycemic agents, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and history of hypertension, all raise the incidence of microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM to a statistically significant extent. Screening of microalbuminuria patients with T2DM should be added to the routine investigations for diabetes mellitus for the early detection of renal and cardiovascular complications.

Impacto del tratamiento antihipertensivo en la reducción de los niveles de microalbuminuria en pacientes diabéticos

“…Tayyab Mumtaz Khan (Khan et al, 2022) informó una incidencia de microalbuminuria del 31.78% en la población estudiada. Se observó una mayor prevalencia en hombres adultos mayores, así como en aquellos con una duración prolongada de la diabetes mellitus, un control deficiente de la misma y antecedentes de hipertensión, factores que aumentan la incidencia de microalbuminuria.…”

Microalbuminuria as the Tip of Iceberg in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Associated Diabetic Complications

“…It is an indicator of systemic endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by impaired functioning of the inner lining of blood vessels. Endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis, a condition where fatty deposits accumulate in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease [8]. This highlights the importance of early detection and intervention to mitigate the risk of developing these lifethreatening complications.…”