Background and objectivesMicroalbuminuria prevalence is high in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) all over the world and its prevalence is affected by several factors. In Pakistan, microalbuminuria and factors that play a role in its development in patients with T2DM are under-researched. This study aimed to determine the incidence of microalbuminuria and the factors affecting it in patients with T2DM. Material and methodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 129 diagnosed patients with T2DM in the outpatient department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, for approximately six months from August 2021 to January 2022. Patients were recruited in the study through a non-probability consecutive sampling technique and established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant hospital ethical review board (ERB). After explaining the study's aims, informed consent was also taken from all patients before the start of data collection. A self-structured and interview-based questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were applied for the data analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). ResultsThe incidence of microalbuminuria in the study population was 31.78%. The association between microalbuminuria and age (p = 0.002), gender (p = 0.003), duration of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), therapy type (p = 0.03), control of diabetes mellitus, (p = 0.001), and hypertension (p = 0.002) was statistically significant. Higher age group, male gender, longer duration of diabetes mellitus, oral hypoglycemic agents, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and history of hypertension, all were found to raise the incidence of microalbuminuria. Even though being overweight was also found to raise the incidence of microalbuminuria, the association between microalbuminuria and nutritional status was statistically insignificant (p = 0.05). ConclusionMicroalbuminuria incidence is significantly high in the study population. The factors such as increasing age, male gender, longer duration of the diabetes mellitus, oral hypoglycemic agents, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and history of hypertension, all raise the incidence of microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM to a statistically significant extent. Screening of microalbuminuria patients with T2DM should be added to the routine investigations for diabetes mellitus for the early detection of renal and cardiovascular complications.

Generally, cardiac masses are initially suspected on routine echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is further performed to differentiate tumors from pseudo-tumors and to characterize the cardiac masses based on their appearance on T1/T2-weighted images, detection of perfusion and demonstration of gadolinium-based contrast agent uptake on early and late gadolinium enhancement images. Further evaluation of cardiac masses by CMR is critical because unnecessary surgery can be avoided by better tissue characterization. Different cardiac tissues have different T1 and T2 relaxation times, principally owing to different internal biochemical environments surrounding the protons. In CMR, the signal intensity from a particular tissue depends on its T1 and T2 relaxation times and its proton density. CMR uses this principle to differentiate between various tissue types by weighting images based on their T1 or T2 relaxation times. Generally, tumor cells are larger, edematous, and have associated inflammatory reactions. Higher free water content of the neoplastic cells and other changes in tissue composition lead to prolonged T1/T2 relaxation times and thus an inherent contrast between tumors and normal tissue exists. Overall, these biochemical changes create an environment where different cardiac masses produce different signal intensity on their T1- weighted and T2- weighted images that help to discriminate between them. In this review article, we have provided a detailed description of the core CMR imaging protocol for evaluation of cardiac masses. We have also discussed the basic features of benign cardiac tumors as well as the role of CMR in evaluation and further tissue characterization of these tumors.

Hydralazine is a vasodilator used in the treatment of resistant hypertension. It is a safe and widely used antihypertensive medicine. Its common adverse effects include headache, rebound tachycardia, fluid retention, and angina. It is a rare cause of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) with pulmonary and renal involvement. We report a case of a 74-year-old woman, with over eight years of use of hydralazine, who presented to the hospital with shortness of breath and cough. Blood work revealed deranged renal function with high creatinine levels. Serology workup was positive for antihistone antibodies (AHA), anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) ANCA and proteinase-3 (PR-3) ANCA. Renal biopsy showed diffusely flattened tubular epithelium, focal micro vesicular degeneration, and focal loss of the brush border of the proximal tubular epithelium. Hydralazine was stopped and the patient was treated with corticosteroids, resulting in the resolution of her kidney injury.

BackgroundNephrolithiasis (renal stones) is the most common urological disease. Its prevalence is high in every part of the world. Several factors lead to renal stone formation. In Pakistan, nephrolithiasis prevalence is also high as Pakistan is located in a region which is known as the salt belt. However, nephrolithiasis and its possible risk factors are under-researched in Pakistan. ObjectiveThis study aims to identify the risk factors for nephrolithiasis among admitted patients with renal stones. This may lead to a reduction in renal stone incidence and its allied complications by the prevention of risk factors that would have a major role in renal stone formation. Material and methodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among the 143 admitted patients with renal stones in the urology ward of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, for approximately six months from November 2021 to April 2022. Non-probability convenient sampling and developed inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for the recruitment of patients. After elaborating on the objectives, the study data were collected by interviewers through a self-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). ResultsNephrolithiasis was more prevalent among patients who had an age group range of 15-30 years (47.55%), male gender (56.65%), illiterate educational status (53.14%), lower socioeconomic status (66.43%), inadequate intake of water (61.53%), used tap water (56.64%), a habit of daily vegetable intake (65.04%), sedentary lifestyle (51.74%), family history of renal stones (57.34%), no diabetes mellitus (62.94%), no hypertension (52.45%), and overweight (48.23%). ConclusionIn brief, the age group of 15-30 years, male gender, illiteracy, lower socioeconomic status, insufficient water intake, tap water, high vegetables, inactive lifestyle, family history of nephrolithiasis, and a high BMI all increase the risk of nephrolithiasis.

Diabetic neuropathy [DN) is a continual complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It has an approximate pervasiveness ranging from thirty to fifty percent in subjects suffering from this disease, depending on the technique utilized for diagnosis. Additionally, DM has remained the top causative factor of polyneuropathy in the modern world. As much as fifty percent of the polyneuropathies are related to DM. It is more common in chronic DM: it negatively impacts the quality of life (QOL) in those suffering from it. Polyneuropathies cause chronic neuropathic pain, resulting in depression, anxiety, and insomnia among sufferers. Diabetic neuropathy is a painful and disabling condition that has enormous incurring costs in terms of disrupted quality of life and financial implication while treating its complications. Various pain killers have been tried in this regard with varying results. Aim of this review was to delve into various drugs outcomes in this regard.