Incidence of zearalenone and fumonisins in Bulgarian cereal production

Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat samples harvested in Serbia: A preliminary survey

“…Additionally, according to the report of Sokolovi c and Simpraga in 2004 the highest incidence rate of about 59% was found for T-2 toxin with maximum concentration of 520 mg/kg, while the levels of the same mycotoxin were below the LOD in the current study. A survey done by Manova and Mladenova (2009) revealed that samples of wheat grains produced in Bulgaria, contained ZON at levels about 10 times lower than the maximum limit of 100 mg/kg established for unprocessed cereals in Europe (EC, 2007) since in positive samples the concentrations were found to be up to 10 mg/kg, while in the current survey, ZON was not detected in any of the investigated wheat samples. As for other neighboring countries such as Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, there are no relevant literature data for mycotoxins level in the cultivated crops, further comparison of data was not feasible.…”

“…small group of similar mycotoxins (Curtui, Usleber, Dietrich, Lepschy, & Märtlbauer, 1998;Manova & Mladenova, 2009;Sokolovi c & Simpraga, 2006). Although these methods are well established, and in some cases interlaboratory validated, the current trend is to introduce simple (one step-), broad scope procedures which allow, thanks to use of modern separation/detection instrumental technologies, accurate determination of as many as possible major mycotoxins even at low levels in crude extracts, not applying labor/cost demanding clean-up step (Zachariasova et al, 2010).…”

“…The occurrence, amount and kind of mycotoxin may depend on the environment, species of the fungus present, severity of infection and the cultivar or kind of crop (Doohan, Brennan, & Cooke, 2003;Muthomi, Ndung'u, Gathumbi, Mutitu, & Wagacha, 2008). A weather condition during plant growth, in particular at flowering period, is a key factor influencing on the mycotoxin formation and production (Manova & Mladenova, 2009). The most favorable conditions for infection are prolonged periods (48e72 h) of high humidity and warm temperatures (25e30 C) (Muthomi et al, 2008).…”

Mycotoxins in food from Jordan: Preliminary survey

“…Major food commodities affected are cereals, nuts, dried fruit, coffee, cocoa, spices, oil seeds, dried peas and beans and fruit (Turner et al, 2009). While a number of surveys and monitoring programmes have been carried out in several countries attempting to obtain a general pattern of mycotoxins contamination in food (Ghali, Hmaissia-Khlifa, Ghorbel, Maaroufi, & Hedili, 2008;Manova & Mladenova, 2009;Moreno et al, 2009;Muller & Schwadorf, 1993;Muthomi, Ndung'u, Gathumbi, Mutitui, & Wagacha, 2008;Villa & Markaki, 2009;Zaied et al, 2009;Zinedine et al, 2006), there is no available information about the occurrence of mycotoxins in foods consumed in Jordan. Jordanian population consumes great amounts of cereals (e.g.…”

Principal mycotoxins in wheat flour from the Serbian market: Levels and assessment of the exposure by wheat-based products

“…Many routine laboratories use preparatory methods based on extraction/clean-up/pre-concentration steps regarding only single or small group of similar mycotoxins (Manova & Mladenova, 2009;Sokolovi c & Simpraga, 2006). Although these methods are well established, and in some cases interlaboratory validated, the current trend is to introduce simple (one-step), broad scope procedures which allow, thanks to use of modern separation/ detection instrumental technologies, accurate determination of as many as possible major mycotoxins even at low levels in crude extracts, not applying labor/cost demanding clean-up step ( Skrbi c, Malachova, Zivan cev, Veprikova, & Haj slová, 2011).…”