We present an analysis of the current state of practice in the diagnosis and treatment of learning disabilities (LD) in Israel. Through an examination of the cultural, historical, and demographic background of the country ("deep structures"), we show how a fragmented society has developed; it segregates different ethnicities and social groups and has led to an educational system ("surface structures") that perpetuates that separation. Special education law also reflects and perpetuates that social reality. However, since 2002, the Israeli Ministry of Education, through legislation and ministerial guidelines, has embarked on a mission to include children with LD fully in the general education curriculum. This change is meaningful, because it is foreign to the Israeli educational perspective. The development of a response-to-intervention model that includes a specialist (called a Matal) charged with providing diagnostic and prescriptive case management is still in its experimental phase and its efficacy has yet to be evaluated. However, adoption of this model has already had an effect on the testing and diagnosis of LD. Future trajectories of Israeli LD are also discussed.
THE CURRENT STATE OF LEARNING DISABILITIES IN ISRAELNational systems of public education develop through the interplay between larger sociohistorical, demographic, and bureaucratic requirements. Understanding a country's provision of services to children with special educational needs in order to conduct both inter-and intranational analyses necessitates an understanding of these "deep structures" (i.e., the sociohistorical milieu) and how they affect the system's everyday functioning, or "surface structures" (Gumpel & Awartani, 2003). Likewise, understanding the current state of learning disabilities (LD) in Israel necessitates an understanding of the Israeli social-historical milieu as well as the special and general education system from which it developed. Indeed, through an examination of the vagaries of Israeli society and the Israeli educational system, it becomes clear that the current Israeli practices in LD are a natural result of cultural and educational evolutionary processes, but at the same time they are a radical step away from many aspects of the Israeli cultural and educational perspective. To examine this issue, we first examine some social and cultural issues shaping the current Israeli educational system, and specifically the general and special educational systems; from there, we examine recent changes in the education and treatment of children with LD, focusing on service provision and the move toward the provision of services solely in general education settings, and related personnel preparation issues. We conclude by outlin-Requests for reprints should be sent to Thomas P. Gumpel, School of Education, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. Electronic inquiries may be sent to tgumpel@vms.huji.ac.il. ing what we see as some possible future trajectories regarding some current issues in Israeli LD.Understanding th...