Income Inequality in Poland and the United Kingdom. Decomposition of the Theil Index

Muszyńska, Joanna; Oczki, Jarosław; Wędrowska, Ewa

doi:10.2478/foli-2018-0009

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The θ L (mean logarithmic deviation) is more sensitive to changes at the lower tail of a distribution, while θ T is more sensitive to changes at the upper tail 35 36. The θ L and θ T can be calculated using the following mathematical expressions37–39:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequalities in healthcare resources and outcomes threatening sustainable health development in Ethiopia: panel data analysis

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveTo measure inequalities in the distributions of selected healthcare resources and outcomes in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2015.DesignA panel data analysis was performed to measure inequalities in distribution of healthcare workforce, infrastructure, outcomes and finance, using secondary data.SettingThe study was conducted across 11 regions in Ethiopia.ParticipantsRegional population and selected healthcare workforce.Outcomes measuredAggregate Theil and Gini indices, changes in inequalities and elasticity of healthcare resources.ResultsDespite marked inequality reductions over a 16 year period, the Theil and Gini indices for the healthcare resources distributions remained high. Among the healthcare workforce distributions, the Gini index (GI) was lowest for nurses plus midwives (GI=0.428, 95% CI 0.393 to 0.463) and highest for specialist doctors (SPDs) (GI=0.704, 95% CI 0.652 to 0.756). Inter-region inequality was the highest for SPDs (95.0%) and the lowest for health officers (53.8%). The GIs for hospital beds, hospitals and health centres (HCs) were 0.592(95% CI 0.563 to 0.621), 0.460(95% CI 0.404 to 0.517) and 0.409(95% CI 0.380 to 0.439), respectively. The interaction term was highest for HC distributions (47.7%). Outpatient department visit per capita (GI=0.349, 95% CI 0.321 to 0.377) and fully immunised children (GI=0.307, 95% CI 0.269 to 0.345) showed inequalities; inequality in the under 5 years of age mortality rate increased overtime (P=0.048). Overall, GI for government health expenditure (GHE) was 0.596(95% CI 0.544 to 0.648), and the estimated relative GHE share of the healthcare workforce and infrastructure distributions were 46.5% and 53.5%, respectively. The marginal changes in the healthcare resources distributions were towards the advantaged populations.ConclusionThis study revealed high inequalities in healthcare resources in favour of the advantaged populations which can hinder equal access to healthcare and the achievements of healthcare outcomes. The government should strengthen monitoring mechanisms to address inequalities based on the national healthcare standards.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequalities in healthcare resources and outcomes threatening sustainable health development in Ethiopia: panel data analysis

et al. 2019

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“…Thus, it is possible to analyse their contribution to the total differences and to identify the main sources of the overall differences [89]. This is an important property of the Theil index measure, as this additive decomposability implies that the aggregate inequality measure can be broken down into inequality within and between any defined population subgroups [90]. The main pitfall of the Theil index is that its values are not always comparable across completely different units, as in case of different nations.…”

Section: Gs-gas Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Determinants of Health and Their Unequal Distribution in Poland

Rój

Jankowiak

2021

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study is to identify inequities in the distribution of socioeconomic determinants of health within Poland and their impact on the health status of Poles, as measured by mortality rate. We hypothesised that (1) there are inequities in the socioeconomic characteristics within geographically defined population groups and (2) some socioeconomic determinants of health have a particularly strong impact on the health status of Poles. Poland is administratively divided into three levels: voivodeships, powiats and gminas. We used a dataset covering all 380 powiats in Poland for the year 2018. We employed a two-stage nested Theil index and Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. In order to identify which of these determinants has the strongest impact on health, we conducted a regression analysis. The study revealed some inequities in the distribution of socioeconomic determinants of health. The mortality rate can be partly understood from variations within voivodeships in the distribution of health determinants. Important national inequalities were found in the case of two determinants, which simultaneously proved their significant impact on Poles’ health in the regression analysis. Thus, type of employment and access to modern infrastructure should be of particular concern for public authorities.

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“…If the area is divided into m groups, the Theil index can be decomposed in two components: the Theil index of within-group inequalities and Theil index of between-group inequalities. The within-group component describes a part of overall inequality that is due to inequality within subgroups, while the between-group component measures the extent of inequality due to the differences in the group mean income [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventional Impacts of Watershed Ecological Compensation on Regional Economic Differences: Evidence from Xin’an River, China

Chen

2020

IJERPH

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Watershed ecological compensation (WEC) is a popular and effective policy instrument for promoting the coordinated development of environment protection and the regional economy in river basin areas. WEC affects the regional economic differences between upstream and downstream regions, as well as between protected areas and areas surrounding upstream regions. Thus, it is necessary to quantify these changes to ensure the balanced development of regions after the implementation of ecological compensation. In the present study, we established two types of Theil indexes for between-group inequalities (THH and THS) and an intervention analysis model in order to evaluate and predict the effects on regional economic differences caused by WEC in the Xin’an River basin. The results showed that the intervention comprising WEC affected regional economic differences, where the economic gap widened between Huangshan City in the upstream region and Hangzhou City in the downstream region, as well as between Huangshan and its surrounding cities. However, the impacts of the intervention gradually decreased in the later pilot period. Considering the fairness of regional social development, we recommend increasing the compensation for protected areas in order to improve the self-development capacity of upstream regions.

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Income Inequality in Poland and the United Kingdom. Decomposition of the Theil Index

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Inequalities in healthcare resources and outcomes threatening sustainable health development in Ethiopia: panel data analysis

Inequalities in healthcare resources and outcomes threatening sustainable health development in Ethiopia: panel data analysis

Socioeconomic Determinants of Health and Their Unequal Distribution in Poland

Interventional Impacts of Watershed Ecological Compensation on Regional Economic Differences: Evidence from Xin’an River, China

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