Incorporating a Race Salience Subscale Into the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS)

Abstract

In this study, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on an expanded version of the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) consisting of the original six subscales—Assimilation, Miseducation, Self-Hatred, Anti-White, Afrocentricity, and Multiculturalist Inclusive—and a seventh subscale called Race Salience. Participants consisted of two samples of African Americans. Sample 1 had 324 participants, most of whom were students at historically Black institutions, and Sample 2 had 340 students attending a predominantly White institution. CRIS subscale scores, including Race Salience were internally consistent in Sample 1, and an exploratory factor analysis supported the structural validity of the race salience score. A confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the seven-factor structure. Internal consistency and structural validity results were replicated in Sample 2. Future studies should examine other aspects of construct validity on this expanded version of the CRIS, such as convergent and discriminant validity, and the impact of seven subscales on the number and type of racial identity profiles that CRIS scores can yield.

The predictive efficacy of racial identity attitudes, historically Black college/university attendance, and sources of motivation in Black therapists’ career choices.

“…The RIAS had internal consistency below recommended levels in the current sample, although consistent with previously reported values (Cokley, 2007). It should be noted that future studies of the career development of Black psychotherapists may benefit from utilizing more recently refined measures of Black racial identity, which, in addition to addressing psychometric concerns with the use of the RIAS, may capture additional aspects of experience of relevance to current prospective students (e.g., dimensions of internalization captured by the Cross Racial Identity Scale or aspects of racial identity salience, centrality, ideology, and regard captured by the multidimensional model of racial identity; Sellers et al, 1997; Worrell et al, 2020). Additionally, the study combined master’s and doctoral-level practitioners, which may have influenced the ability to discern differences in motivation across fields.…”

Nigrescence theory from 1971 to 2021: The critical contributions of William E. Cross, Jr.

“…Introducing the CERIS-Adult, a modification of the CRIS that can be used with all ethnic-racial groups in the United States (Worrell et al, 2019(Worrell et al, ) 2020 Using the CERIS-Youth in a diverse sample of youth in New Zealand (Watson et al, 2020(Watson et al, ) 2020 Adding a race salience subscale to the CRIS (Worrell et al, 2020(Worrell et al, ) 2021 Presentation introducing the CRIS-II (Vandiver et al, 2021(Vandiver et al, ) 2021 Black Identity Viewed From a Barber's Chair Note. CRIS = Cross Racial Identity Scale; CERIS = Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale.…”

“…The initial version of the CRIS (Vandiver et al, 2002) consisted of six subscales-assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred, anti-White, Afrocentric, and multiculturalist inclusive. Race salience (Worrell et al, 2020) and IBI (Vandiver et al, 2021) subscales have been recently added (see Table 2).…”

“…Although the CRIS has been in the literature for 20 years, Cross and the CRIS team have continued to conduct research on NT-E and the scale. Worrell et al (2020) validated a race salience subscale in two samples, increasing the number of CRIS subscales in the extant literature to seven. Thus, in addition to inferring the levels of race salience of Black individuals based on their profile on the CRIS subscales, salience can also be measured directly.…”

Attachment Neuroscience and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Nonviolence Philosophy: Implications for the 21st Century and Beyond

“…KNRT also complements various racial identity models. The KNRT approach may help people to navigate the formation of racial identity better, which may have implications for dealing with issues of race and racism within a variety of contexts, including educational settings and clinical work (Caldwell-Gunes & Parham, 2020; Liu et al, 2019; Worrell et al, 2020). For example, KNRT may be helpful in overcoming the distress associated with Black self-hatred identity.…”