Incorporating different vegetable oils into an aqueous dispersion of hybrid organic nanoparticles

Abstract

Different vegetable oils including soy oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, corn oil, castor oil (CO), rapeseed oil, and hydrogenated CO were added to the imidization reaction of poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) or SMA, with ammonium hydroxide in aqueous medium. The oils favorably reduce viscosity during ammonolysis of the anhydride moieties and increase the maximum solid content of the dispersed imidized SMA to at least 50 wt%, compared to a maximum of 35 wt% for pure imidized SMA. The viscosity of imidized SMA with polyunsaturated oils was generally larger than for monosaturated oils, but it was highest for COs due to high contents of hydroxyl groups. Depending on the oil reactivity, homogeneous or core-shell nanoparticles with 20-60 nm diameters formed. The interactions of oil and organic phase were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, indicating qualitative variances between different oils, the fraction imidized SMA and remaining fraction of ammonolyzed SMA without leakage of oil upon diluting the dispersion and precipitation at low pH. A quantitative analysis with calculation of imide contents, amounts of reacted oil and chemical interactions was made by Fourier-transform-Raman spectroscopy suggesting that most interactions take place around the unsaturated oil moieties and ammonolyzed anhydride

Kaolinite Nanocomposite Platelets Synthesized by Intercalation and Imidization of Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)

“…, non-imidized) maleic anhydride in presence of kaolinite, as demonstrated below. Furthermore, the nanocomposite particle dispersions can be synthesized at a higher solid content and obtained slightly higher viscosity compared to the pure SMI nanoparticles, in parallel with the higher solid content that was obtained after previous synthesis of oil-filled SMI nanoparticles [52]. The slightly higher Zetapotential for nanocomposite particles also agrees with the previous synthesis of oil-filled SMI nanoparticles [52], and obtains a highest value at ratio Kln/SMI = 70:30.…”

Hybrid palm-oil/styrene-maleimide nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous dispersion under different conditions

“…The presence of oil and SMI was recognized in the spectra: in particular, the imide moieties N-C ¼ O (1710 cm À1 ) have completely developed after drying with no remaining carboxylic groups (1860, 1780 cm À1 ). The present situation of nanoparticles with 70 wt.% PO differs from previous experiments where 50 wt.% oil was included (Samyn et al, 2012d). As the latter still showed the existence of remaining ammonolyzed groups, there was indeed further potential for reaction of additional oil as demonstrated in the present situation.…”

Synthesis of imidized nanoparticles containing soy oil under various reaction conditions

“…The latter is further evidenced by a remaining fraction cyclic CAOAC anhydride (1850 cm À1 ) that completely disappeared for pure SMI. From a previous study comparing the reactivity of other oils, it is known that mono-or saturated oils were less reactive than polyunsaturated oils [38], which confirms that C@C acts as main reactive sites. In literature, different reaction mechanisms for SMA with plant oils are reported [39], while especially reactions between unsaturated bonds in fatty acids and maleic anhydride have been detailed [40].…”