Incorporation of nanoparticles into transplantable decellularized matrices: Applications and challenges

Abstract

Decellularization of tissues can significantly improve regenerative medicine and tissue engineering by producing natural, less immunogenic, three-dimensional, acellular matrices with high biological activity for transplantation. Decellularized matrices retain specific critical components of native tissues such as stem cell niche, various growth factors, and the ability to regenerate in vivo. However, recellularization and functionalization of these matrices remain limited, highlighting the need to improve the characteristics of decellularized matrices. Incorporating nanoparticles into decellularized tissues can overcome these limitations because nanoparticles possess unique properties such as multifunctionality and can modify the surface of decellularized matrices with additional growth factors, which can be loaded onto the nanoparticles. Therefore, in this minireview, we highlight the various approaches used to improve decellularized matrices with incorporation of nanoparticles and the challenges present in these applications.

Laser Ablated Albumin Functionalized Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Indicated for Stem Cell Tracking

“…The effect of AuNPs sterilization [ 56 ] and incubation with different cell types has been verified and reported by various studies [ 10 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 49 , 50 , 57 ]. The demonstrated ASCs great potential for cell transplant in bone tissue engineering, with the recognized osteogenic effect by nanoparticles and nanostructured scaffold materials [ 58 ], have already being translated into clinical treatments of mandibular and cranial bone defect [ 59 , 60 ]. The isolation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells or adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction can provide a reliable and abundant source of stem cells with neovascularization and osteogenic potential [ 54 , 61 , 62 ], possibly with nonimmunogenic cells from an autologous origin, indicated to improve bone healing using tissue engineering techniques.…”

Bioprocessing by Decellularized Scaffold Biomaterials in Cultured Meat: A Review

“…While the cellular components are removed, most of the ECM components in the biomaterials are retained. These natural ECMs are rich in bioactive substances such as growth factors and cytokines, which can regulate the behaviors of certain cells, provide them with an appropriate growth microenvironment, and preserve the stem cell niche of natural tissues and regenerative capacity in vivo [ 59 ]. Therefore, decellularized scaffolds have strong bioactivity and the ability to induce cellular behaviors.…”

Descelularização em medicina veterinária ortopédica: uma revisão de literatura / Decellularization in veterinary orthopedic medicine: a literature review

“…A descelularização encontra dificuldades com relação ao tecido ósseo, por conta do desafio para acessar a MEC; sendo importante avaliar a necessidade de desmineralização prévia do biomaterial (OSÓRIO-JR et al, 2013) Ainda assim, a MEC descelularizada passou a ser foco de estudos de bioengenharia quando a comunidade científica observou benefícios em decorrência da permanência de um ambiente celular no scaffold após o procedimento (TANG-QUAN et al, 2018).…”

“…A simulação do ambiente celular é imprescindível em discussões sobre recelularização, em decorrência do potencial de diferenciação de células que podem ser acopladas, bem como método alternativo para próteses sintéticas. Como exemplo, pode-se mencionar a utilização de bioscaffolds em cardiologia, nos casos de insuficiência cardíaca, substituição da válvula cardíaca e infarto agudo do miocárdio (TANG-QUAN et al, 2018;TAYLOR et al, 2018). Estudos de biofabricação em ortopedia também são amplamente associados à regeneração articular, como por exemplo, enxertos osteocondrais biofabricados (GROEN et al, 2017).…”

“…Os desafios observados quanto às matrizes descelularizadas vem sendo superados com a utilização de nanopartículas, por conta da multifuncionalidade (SALEH et al, 2018).…”