Incorporation of trace elements in Portland cement clinker: Thresholds limits for Cu, Ni, Sn or Zn

Role of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Incorporating Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn into Cement Clinker

“…1 are summarized in Table 3. The heavy metal-containing phase in the reference clinkers (without MSS) was similar to those reported in existing studies [17,20]; for example, Ni mainly combined with Mg to form MgNiO 2 and Cu mainly formed CaCuO 2 . In the experimental samples that contained MSS, metal-containing phases not only existed in the above forms but also as new metalAl compounds, such as nickel aluminum oxides, copper aluminum oxides, and zinc aluminum oxides, which was consistent with the results reported by Yuanyuan Tang et al [31].…”

Rietveld Quantitative Phase Analysis of OPC Clinkers, Cements and Hydration Products

“…As it has been described (Herfort et al 2010), the mechanism of action of the trace elements incorporated into the clinker can be divided in two main steps depending on the amount of these elements: i) at low concentration, trace elements enter into the structure of the initial phases of the clinker as solid solutions (C 3 Sss, C 2 Sss, C 3 Ass, C 4 AFss); ii) at higher concentrations, the presence of new phases may be detected and quantified (Gineys et al 2011). RQPA may help in both cases, initially by following the unit cell variations of the solid solution(s) and secondly, by quantification of the new phases.…”

Review: Circulation of Inorganic Elements in Combustion of Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants

“…Trace elements exceeding the threshold limit may affect the clinker, e.g. Cu affects the alite formation, while Zn will affect aluminate 181 . However, presence of heavy metals is one of the major hazards in the flue gas from alternative fuels due to the environmental implications.…”