Increased blood pressure reactivity to dietary salt in patients with the metabolic syndrome

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is a predictor of type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms of the increased blood pressure (BP) in patients with the metabolic syndrome are poorly understood. We investigated if salt-sensitivity is a characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. A total of 301 subjects (87male subjects, 214 female subjects) of 41.570.7 years of age completed a salt sensitivity test, and were evaluated for the presence of metabolic syndrome. BP and 24-h sodium excretion were obtained under usual, high-and low-salt intakes. BP reactivity to salt was markedly increased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome; its magnitude was directly related to the severity of the syndrome. Reducing dietary salt from the average usual intake (8.2 g/day) to nearly 2.3 g/day lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 8.771.3 mm Hg in subjects with four and five traits, 6.071.1 in those with three traits and failed to modify the BP of subjects with one or no traits of the syndrome (Po0.0001). Salt restriction reduced the percentage of subjects with metabolic syndrome that were hypertensive (8.2 g/day of salt) from 23.8 to 8.2% (v 2 : 23.6; Po0.0001). BP of non-hypertensive subjects with metabolic syndrome was also significantly reduced by salt restriction (7.171.5 and 4.271.1 mm Hg in those with four or five traits and three traits, respectively). In conclusion, the metabolic syndrome is a strong clinical predictor of salt sensitivity. The enhanced BP reactivity to dietary salt observed in subjects with the metabolic syndrome, may determine the increased BP levels commonly associated with the syndrome.

Population-based study in Lithuania: lifestyle factors and risk of metabolic syndrome

“…High blood pressure, as a component of MS, is largely related to dietary salt [36,37]. The enhanced blood pressure reactivity to dietary salt observed in subjects with MS, may determine the increased blood pressure levels commonly associated with the syndrome [36]. The results from our study showed that nutrition habit to add salt to meals at the table almost always significantly increased the risk of arterial hypertension in women aged 50-64 years.…”

“…Analysis according to food categories in Australian women with PMS showed a significant greater intake in fat, and all macronutrients for cereals, cakes and desserts and high-sugar foods [35]. High blood pressure, as a component of MS, is largely related to dietary salt [36,37]. The enhanced blood pressure reactivity to dietary salt observed in subjects with MS, may determine the increased blood pressure levels commonly associated with the syndrome [36].…”

Salt Excess Causes Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Rats With Metabolic Disorder

“…Salt-induced BP hyperreactivity or renal injury has been reported in MetS patients or in MetS animal models. 8,9 In the present study, LV diastolic function was apparently impaired when salt was loaded in SHR/cps. Therefore, excess salt may play a pivotal role in the progression of organ damage in MetS.…”

“…In patients with MetS, high salt intake increased blood pressure (BP) greater than in those without MetS. 8 In an MetS rat model, evident renal injury was induced by salt loading. 9 These findings suggest that the MetS model is highly susceptible to salt-induced organ damage.…”

Clinical update on metabolic syndrome

“…A decrease in sodium intake could be used to modulate blood pressure in MS due to a significant reduction in arterial blood pressure was detected with a low sodium ingestion. Supplementary, another study 52 Another previous study 59 examined the protein content in obese participants for 12 months. They were assigned to a high protein diet (1.34 g per kg of BM) or to a standard protein diet (0.8 g per kg of BM) and a calorie restriction of 500 kcal per day.…”