Increased Breakdown of Membrane Phospholipids in Schizophrenia: Implications for the Hypofrontality Hypothesis

The effects of pioglitazone adjuvant therapy on negative symptoms of patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double‐blind and placebo‐controlled trial

“…Based on these studies, antioxidative enzymatic activity is decreased (Raffa et al, 2009;O'Donnell, 2012;Al-Asmari and Khan, 2014), and membrane phospholipid breakdown is accelerated in patients with schizophrenia (Horrobin, 1996). Oxidative damage to membranes has been shown to occur in patients with schizophrenia by demonstration of increased phospholipase A2 levels as the key enzyme in lipid metabolism, decreased membrane phospholipids, and enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation products (Gattaz et al, 1994). On the other hand, growing evidence has recently clarified the benefits of PPARγ agonists in attenuating oxidative stress disturbances (Qi et al, 2010).…”

Plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease

“…Increased activity of PLA, changes in membrane integrity together with compromised energy metabolism, accumulation of ROS and abnormal signal transduction may be associated with neurodegeneration in AD. Studies on phospholipid metabolism in the brains of patients with schizophrenia have also demonstrated a reduced phosphatidylcholine mass in neural membranes, elevated PLA, activity and abnormal phospholipid metabolism [23,24]. subsequent function is derived primarily from the effects of restricted n-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) availability either due to maternal dietary deprivation in animal models, or due to preterm birth in human infants.…”

Three independent lines of evidence suggest retinoids as causal to schizophrenia

“…In this respect, retinoid-induced cell differentiation has been shown to regulate the expression of phospholipase A2 (82). Several reports have suggested that phospholipase A2 levels are abnormal in the functional psychoses (109)(110)(111). It should also be noted that arachidonic acid is a ligand for the PPARs, which interact as heterodimeric partners with the RXRs to regulate the expression of multiple target genes.…”