As
nitrate pollution in groundwater continues to escalate, more
is being discovered about the detrimental health implications associated
with concentrated nitrate ingestion. Thus, there is a great necessity
for the effective and sustainable remediation of nitrate from water.
The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate (ERN) has been identified
as a promising technology with respect to selective product formation
(N
2(g) and NH3/NH4
+), adaptable instrument configurations, and compatibility
with renewable energy sources. Electrocatalysts with appreciable selectivity
for nitrate reduction to nitrogen gas are of great importance for
drinking water applications. On the other hand, ammonia-selective
catalysts are desirable for resource recovery. Traditional catalysts
for ERN applications include expensive platinum group metals, which
makes the widespread utilization of this technology economically unfavorable.
Alternatively, research within the last five years has shown cost-effective
catalytic materials such as bimetallic systems, graphitic composites,
metal oxides, and metal sulfides exhibiting substantial activity/selectivity
for ERN applications. Future ERN catalysts must not only express significant
activity/selectivity but also be capable of stable and consistent
performance under varying water chemistries. Combating electrocatalyst
aging and fouling processes will be key in material design for catalysts
capable of efficient remediation of nitrate from water under continuous
long-term operation.