Increased eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio in prediabetic and diabetic postmenopausal women: a biomarker of cardiometabolic risk

Thermal Effect on Heat Shock Protein 70 Family to Prevent Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

“…Human SMDC cultured in vitro for 20 hours at 42 HSP70 is one of the most induced molecular chaperones under stress [8]. HSP72 are in the nucleus and cytoplasm [25]. HSPs constitute 5-10% of the total protein content of cells under physiological conditions and can increase by up to 15% under stress [26].…”

“…It has been shown that the HSP70 family has preventative effects against a high-fat diet, (HFD)-induced obesity, and insulin resistance [19,39]. Multiple review articles [25,40] also agree that HSP72 levels decline as a metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance progresses to T2DM, and HSP72 expression levels are closely associated with obesity.…”

“…JNK promotes insulin resistance by inhibiting the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), a key protein in the insulin signaling cascade [41]. As diabetes progresses, JNK becomes more activated while HSP72 expression decreases [25]. The induction of HSP72 directly inhibits JNK activation, and this has been indicated to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance at both skeletal muscle and systemic levels.…”

“…Thus, interventions targeting HSP72 may be effective to prevent ASCVD, and both chronic and acute thermal stimulation may be effective to increase the expression of HSP72. A correlation among insulin resistance, T2DM, and HSP70 is hopeful for T2DM management, and the target factor HSP70 may be modulated through interventions such as long-term physical exercise or hot tub therapy [25].…”

What artificial intelligence knows about 70 kDa heat shock proteins, and how we will face this ChatGPT era

“…The combination of fake references and hallucinations may result in suspicious information. For example, one answer was “The authors also reported that the eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio was increased after exercise training, suggesting that chronic exercise may promote a more favorable balance between intracellular and extracellular HSP70.” In fact, different studies have demonstrated that the eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio is increased in chronic diseases (Costa-Beber et al 2020 and 2021 ; Oliveira et al 2022 ; Seibert et al 2022 ), with exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy to decrease this ratio (Heck et al 2017 ; Mai et al 2017 ), which contradicts the response of ChatGPT. Therefore, at present, AI cannot substitute for human revision.…”