Increased horizontal shoulder abduction is associated with an increase in shoulder joint load in baseball pitching

Takagi, Yaemi; Oi, Takanori; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Inui, Haruyuki; Fujioka, Hiroyuki; Tanaka, Juichi; Yoshiya, Shinichi; Nobuhara, Katsuya

doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.03.005

Cited by 38 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…As for the mechanism to induce throwing injuries during the pitching sequence, Takagi et al 23 have indicated that excessive horizontal abduction of the shoulder at maximum external rotation increases anterior shear force in the joint. Wilk et al 28 showed that pitchers with insufficient shoulder external rotation had a 2.2-times greater risk for shoulder injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven charge-coupled device cameras were set up around the official regulation-size pitching mound. For motion analysis, 36 reflective plastic spheres were attached to the subjects' skin on the representative anatomic locations according to the method used in previous relevant studies 16, 23. The location of each marker was determined by a physical therapist with adequate experience using this motion analysis system (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the motion analysis, each subject was asked to throw a fastball at their maximum speed from the pitching mound to the home plate for a distance of 18.44 m (60'5'') 3 times after a warm-up. The fastest pitch among the trials was considered to represent the “best” performance and used for the subsequent analysis16, 23 (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous biomechanical studies of the kinematic and kinetic factors relevant to throwing injuries have indicated several pathologic mechanics leading to shoulder and elbow overload such as excessive horizontal shoulder abduction and insufficient elbow flexion 2, 15, 23. In addition to shoulder and elbow mechanics, throwing motion can be considered a kinetic chain, transmitting motion and energy from the lower extremities to the upper limb 2, 7, 12.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact

Takagi

Tsuchiyama

et al. 2018

JSES Open Access

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BackgroundBecause the throwing motion can be considered a kinetic chain, pelvic and trunk motion should be included in the analysis. Early pelvic rotation during the throwing sequence has been reported to be a factor leading to overloading of the shoulder and the elbow. A large pelvic rotation angle at the stride foot contact (SFC) was thought to indicate early pelvic opening. This study examined the kinematic features in each motion segment associated with increased pelvic rotation at SFC in pitchers of various ages and competition levels.Materials and methodsThe study included 324 pitchers with various age/competition levels. Throwing motion was analyzed using an infrared-type motion capture system. In the assessment, pelvic rotation angle at SFC was adopted as a parameter for the timing of pelvic opening. Statistical analyses were performed for correlation between pelvic rotation and kinematic variables of other motion segments at the instant of SFC as well as the difference in kinematics between the groups of different levels.ResultsMost of the kinematic results were not significantly different among the 4 groups with different levels. The increase in the pelvic opening angle at SFC was significantly correlated with increased trunk bend to the nonthrowing arm side and decreased hip flexion angle on the throwing arm side.Discussion and ConclusionEarly pelvic rotation in the throwing motion sequence, as manifested by increased pelvic rotation at SFC, was correlated with changes in kinematic parameters at other motion segments such as increased trunk tilt and decreased hip flexion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact

Takagi

Tsuchiyama

et al. 2018

JSES Open Access

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“…These marker placements were determined as previously defined. 30,44,45 A motion-capture 3D automatic digitizing system with 7 charge-coupled-device synchronized cameras (ProReflex MCU-500; Qualisys Inc) was installed around a real pitching mound ( Figure 1) and used to record 3D positions from the retroreflective markers during baseball pitching in an indoor laboratory (width Â height Â length: 11.6 Â 3.9 Â 26.5 m). Figure 1.…”

Section: Data Collection Of Baseball Pitchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stride-Phase Kinematic Parameters That Predict Peak Elbow Varus Torque

Tanaka

Hayashi

Inui

et al. 2020

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: During baseball pitching, a high amount of elbow varus torque in the arm cocking-to-acceleration phase is thought to be a biomechanical risk factor for medial elbow pain and injury. The biomechanics of the stride phase may provide preparation for the arm cocking-to-acceleration phase that follows it. Purpose: To determine the kinematic parameters that predict peak elbow varus torque during the stride phase of pitching. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Participants were 107 high school baseball pitchers (age range, 15-18 years) without shoulder or elbow problems. Whole-body kinematics and kinetics during fastball pitching were analyzed using 3-dimensional measurements from 36 retroreflective markers. A total of 26 kinematic parameters of the upper and lower limbs during the stride phase leading up to the stride foot contact were extracted for multiple regression analysis to assess their combined effect on the magnitude of peak elbow varus torque. Results: Increased wrist extension, elbow pronation, knee flexion on the leading leg, knee extension on the trailing leg at stride foot contact, and upward displacement of the body’s center of mass in the stride phase were significantly correlated with decreased peak elbow varus torque (all P < .05). Moreover, 38% of the variance in peak elbow varus torque was explained by a combination of these 5 significant kinematic variables ( P < .001). Conclusion: We found that 5 kinematic parameters during the stride phase and the combination of these parameters were associated with peak elbow varus torque. The stride phase provides biomechanical preparation for pitching and plays a key role in peak elbow varus torque in subsequent pitching phases. Clinical Relevance: The present data can be used to screen pitching mechanics with motion capture assessment to reduce peak elbow varus torque. Decreased peak elbow varus torque is expected to reduce the risk of elbow medial pain and injury.

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Mechanics of the Overhead Motion

Thomas

2019

Mechanics, Pathomechanics and Injury in the Overhead Athlete

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Increased horizontal shoulder abduction is associated with an increase in shoulder joint load in baseball pitching

Cited by 38 publications

References 16 publications

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact

Stride-Phase Kinematic Parameters That Predict Peak Elbow Varus Torque

Mechanics of the Overhead Motion

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