Increased incidence of COVID‐19 in younger patients (May–July 2021)—An argument for extending vaccination?

Bird, Paul; Riff, Roger; Folwell, Andrew; Holmes, Christopher W.; Tang, Julian W.

doi:10.1002/jmv.27363

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Since there is uncertainty about the long-term protective effect of the COVID-19 vaccine, exposing the children will not be a wise decision. Three articles ( 28 , 42 , 68 ) in this present review have shown negative concern about the duration of protection following COVID vaccination among children, whereas two were uncertain about it ( 48 , 58 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Frequent viral infections with other types of coronaviruses in the past, fewer ACE receptors or high activity of the ACE enzyme, well-developed thymus gland that produce very good T-cell and memory cell immunity, lower prevalence of comorbidity, high level of primary immunity by childhood vaccination, or cross-protection with BCG vaccination may be some of the factors behind it ( 1 , 100 , 112 – 115 ). In the present review, 27 articles ( 5 , 16 , 26 – 30 , 35 – 37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 52 , 53 , 55 – 59 , 62 , 65 , 70 , 72 , 75 ) were highlighting the mild form of COVID-19 infection among children which prevents it from universal childhood COVID vaccination, whereas only 3 articles ( 42 , 48 , 64 ) were against it. However, Pulmonary embolism, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy, venous thromboembolism, acute or unspecific renal failure, Coagulation or hemorrhagic disorders, cardiac dysrhythmia, encephalopathy, and febrile seizures are some of the notable systemic complications of COVID among children ( 116 – 118 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The infection incidence among youngsters could increase globally in future, like in South Africa or the United States, due to the advent of novel variations (e.g., Omicron, IHU, etc.) ( 48 , 80 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regardless of symptoms, studies on acute or previous COVID-19 infections in children and adolescents have shown that the infection incidence is comparable to that of adults. A high disease burden despite mild symptoms favors COVID-19 vaccination in children ( 21 , 26 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 38 , 48 , 72 , 77 , 78 ). According to a multicentric surveillance study from many nations, the infection rate (laboratory-confirmed cases) among kids was as high as 18%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this percentage may be an underestimate of the true situation given the significant number of asymptomatic or mild cases among children that have not yet been tested ( 79 ). In total, 41 (64.0%) articles were discussing on the trend of COVID-19 in children, among them authors of 29 articles (45.3%) ( 16 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 38 – 40 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 66 – 70 , 73 , 74 , 76 – 78 ) were only highlighting high disease burden among children. Similarly, author of 10 articles (15.6%) ( 5 , 19 , 20 , 28 , 31 , 35 , 43 , 57 , 63 , 71 ) was against it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests—A systematic review of opinions

Paul

Mishra

2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is still debatable whether all children should receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The comparatively mild cases and low risk of COVID-19 in children compared to adults, as well as the lack of clarity on the relative effects of the disease and vaccine, indicate that the risk-benefit ratio of vaccination in children is more nuanced. To consider and highlight the complexity of policy decisions regarding COVID-19 vaccination in children, we outlined the points regarding for and against vaccination of children against COVID-19 in this systemic review. Using Medical Search Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords, we searched PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The primary search term was COVID-19 vaccination (all synonyms), factors (all synonyms), and among children (all synonyms). A total of 367 articles were searched. Finally, 64 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The major theme/tone of 28 (43.75%) articles was in favor of children's COVID vaccination, and they were highlighting the positive factors, whereas the major theme/tone of 20 (31.25%) articles was against it. Approximately 16 (25.0%) articles were in a neutral position. Major factors highlighted by articles in favor of childhood COVID vaccination were as follows: the increasing rate of disease burden (29 articles), prevention of interruption of academic activities of children or school reopening (24 articles), and a role in defense against COVID infection (21 articles). Major factors against childhood vaccination were as follows: mild infection among children (27 articles), ethical concerns and legal problems regarding the consent of minors (17 articles), and vaccine hesitancy among parents for childhood vaccination (11 articles). Whereas, factors of uncertainty were the role in the reduction of community transmission (19 articles), protection against MIS-C (10 articles), and defense against long COVID (7 articles). Considering all the factors of COVID-19 disease progression among children, a cautious approach will be essential before proceeding with COVID-19 vaccination in children.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests—A systematic review of opinions

Paul

Mishra

2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Five consecutive epidemiological waves of COVID-19: a population-based cross-sectional study on characteristics, policies, and health outcome

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background This study was conducted with the intension of providing a more detailed view about the dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic. To this aim, characteristics, implemented public health measures, and health outcome of COVID-19 patients during five consecutive waves of the disease were assessed. Methods This study was a population-based cross-sectional analysis of data on adult patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 during five waves of the disease in Iran. Chi-squared test, One-way ANOVA, and Logistic Regression analysis were applied. A detailed literature review on implemented public health policies was performed by studying published documents and official websites responsible for conveying information about COVID-19. Results Data on 328,410 adult patients was analyzed. Main findings indicated that the probability of dying with COVID-19 has increased as the pandemic wore on, showing its highest odd during the third wave (odds ratio: 1.34, CI: 1.283–1.395) and has gradually decreased during the next two waves. The same pattern was observed in the proportion of patients requiring ICU admission (P < 0.001). First wave presented mainly with respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal complaints were added during the second wave, neurological manifestations with peripheral involvement replaced the gastrointestinal complaints during the third wave, and central nervous system manifestations were added during the fourth and fifth waves. A significant difference in mean age of patients was revealed between the five waves (P < 0.001). Moreover, results showed a significant difference between men and women infected with COVID-19, with men having higher rates of the disease at the beginning. However, as the pandemic progressed the proportion of women gradually increased, and ultimately more women were diagnosed with COVID-19 during the fifth wave. Our observations pointed to the probability that complete lockdowns were the key measures that helped to mitigate the virus spread during the first twenty months of the pandemic in the country. Conclusion A changing pattern in demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and severity of the disease has been revealed as the pandemic unfolded. Reviewing COVID-19-related public health interventions highlighted the importance of immunization and early implementation of restrictive measures as effective strategies for reducing the acute burden of the disease.

show abstract

Characteristics, outcome, duration of hospitalization, and cycle threshold of patients with COVID-19 referred to four hospitals in Babol City: a multicenter retrospective observational study on the fourth, fifth, and sixth waves

Sadeghi,

Halaji,

Shirafkan

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The aim of the present study was to compare the epidemiological patterns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infections, hospitalizations, deaths, and duration of hospitalization during the fourth, fifth and sixth epidemic waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran. Methods A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted on hospitalized patients in four hospitals in the Babol district of northern Iran. The study periods were during the fourth, fifth, and sixth waves of the epidemic in Iran, (March 2021 to March 2022). A total of 13,312 patients with suspected COVID-19 were included. Patient demographics, medical history, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcomes were obtained from the hospital information system. Data on the cycle threshold (Ct) and SARS-CoV2 variant were collected for SARS-CoV2-positive cases. Results The highest number of hospitalized patients was reported during the fifth (Delta) wave (5231; 39.3%), while the lowest number of hospitalized patients was reported during the sixth (Omicron) wave (2143; 16.1%). In total, 6459 (48.5%) out of 13,312 hospitalized patients with suspected COVID-19 had a positive rRT-PCR result. The fifth (Delta) wave had the highest number of SARS-CoV2 rRT-PCR-positive hospitalized patients (3573, 55.3%), while the sixth (Omicron) wave had the lowest number (835, 12.9%). Moreover, 238 (3.7%) patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 died. The hospital mortality rate was 6.8% in the fourth (Alpha) wave, which reduced to 2.7 and 3.5% in the fifth (Delta) and sixth (Omicron) waves, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions This is the most comprehensive study evaluating the epidemiologic characteristics of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV2 cases in Iran during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron waves. The highest number of SARS-CoV2-positive hospitalized patients was in the fifth wave of COVID-19 (dominance of the Delta variant), while the sixth wave (dominance of the Omicron variant) had the lowest number. Comorbidities were similar, and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and hypertension were the main risk factors in all waves.

show abstract

Increased incidence of COVID‐19 in younger patients (May–July 2021)—An argument for extending vaccination?

Abstract: This hesitation is somewhat surprising, given the UK's previous "pioneering" decisions to offer just one vaccine dose initially, with variable intervals between first and second vaccine doses-as well as the ongoing school influenza immunization program in the UK (https://assets.publishing.

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests—A systematic review of opinions

Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests—A systematic review of opinions

Five consecutive epidemiological waves of COVID-19: a population-based cross-sectional study on characteristics, policies, and health outcome

Characteristics, outcome, duration of hospitalization, and cycle threshold of patients with COVID-19 referred to four hospitals in Babol City: a multicenter retrospective observational study on the fourth, fifth, and sixth waves

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About