Increased intestinal TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in ovine paratuberculosis

Progressive Bovine Paratuberculosis Is Associated with Local Loss of CD4+T Cells, Increased Frequency of γδ T Cells, and Related Changes in T-Cell Function

“…Apoptotic deletion of T cells may, among others, be caused by ␥␦ T cells (35) or increased TGF-␤ production (44). Some indications of increased transforming growth factor ␤1 (TGF-␤1) expression have been found in paratuberculous sheep (2). In progressive bovine paratuberculosis, CD4…”

Evidence for a Novel Gene Expression Program in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells fromMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-Infected Cattle

“…paratuberculosis infection (1,2). During the long subclinical stage of infection, the initial cytotoxic or Th1-like response is often replaced by an antibody or Th2-like response characterized by production of immunoglobulin G1 antibodies (for a review see reference 14).…”

Gene Expression Profiling of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Cattle Infected withMycobacterium paratuberculosis

“…Shortly after initial infection, most animals begin to develop a T-cell response, characterized by release of the proinflammatory cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-␥) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣), as well as production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (for a review, see reference 10). This proinflammatory cytokine cascade leads to recruitment and activation of cytotoxic CD8 ϩ T cells and other immune components, including neutrophils and additional activated macrophages, to sites of M. paratuberculosis infection (1,2,7,15,17,18). Activation of CD4 ϩ T cells, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and recruitment of cytolytic CD8 ϩ T cells to the site of infection comprise development of an acquired Th1-like immune response against M. paratuberculosis.…”