Increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in Ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control

Kibret, Solomon; Wilson, G. Glenn; Tekie, Habte; Petros, Beyene

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-360

Cited by 89 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…ese further corroborate the impact of the dam on the persistence of Plasmodium infections during the dry season and hence malaria transmission. Similar findings of increased risk of malaria within irrigated areas elsewhere in Africa have been reported previously [36][37][38]. Construction of dams for irrigation and hydroelectricity to promote socioeconomic development in Africa has been projected to increase [39], but persistent malaria transmission could be an unintended consequence in these communities if adequate control measures are not implemented.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Impact of an Irrigation Dam on the Transmission and Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Ghana

Kyei-Baafour

Tornyigah

Buade

et al. 2020

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Water bodies such as dams are known to alter the local transmission patterns of a number of infectious diseases, especially those transmitted by insects and other arthropod vectors. e impact of an irrigation dam on submicroscopic asexual parasite carriage in individuals living in a seasonal malaria transmission area of northern Ghana was investigated. A total of 288 archived DNA samples from two cross-sectional surveys in two communities in the Bongo District of Northern Ghana were analysed. Parasite density was determined by light microscopy and PCR, and parasite diversity was assessed by genotyping of the polymorphic Plasmodium falciparum msp2 block-3 region. Submicroscopic parasitaemia was estimated as the proportional difference between positive samples identified by PCR and microscopy. Dry season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher (71.0%, p � 0.013) at the dam site compared with the nondam site (49.2%). Similarly, wet season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher at the dam site (54.5%, p � 0.008) compared with the nondam site (33.0%). ere was no difference in parasite density between sites in the dry season (p � 0.90) and in the wet season (p � 0.85). Multiplicity of infection (MOI) based on PCR data was significantly higher at the dam site compared with the nondam site during the dry season (p < 0.0001) but similar between sites during the wet season. MOI at the nondam site was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season (2.49, 1.26, p < 0.0001) but similar between seasons at the dam site. Multivariate analysis showed higher odds of carrying submicroscopic parasites at the dam site in both dry season (OR � 7.46, 95% CI � 3.07-18.15) and in wet season (OR � 1.73, 95% CI � 1.04-2.86). e study findings suggest that large water bodies impact year-round carriage of submicroscopic parasites and sustain Plasmodium transmission.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Impact of an Irrigation Dam on the Transmission and Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Ghana

Kyei-Baafour

Tornyigah

Buade

et al. 2020

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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“…Malaria risk increases with decreasing distance to irrigated areas, which are suitable mosquito breeding habitats and hence can be used as an internal tool to validate analyses . Our model showed that a 10% increase in the extent of irrigated areas increased malaria risk by almost 39% in the entire study area and by almost 44% within the 2‐km buffer of the selected villages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Environmental factors and population at risk of malaria in Nkomazi municipality, South Africa

Adeola

Botai

Olwoch

et al. 2016

Tropical Med Int Health

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Background: Nkomazi local municipality of South Africa is a high risk malaria region having an incidence rate of about 500 cases per 100,000. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of environmental factors on population (age group) at risk of malaria in the study area to enhance quality targeting for prevention of malaria incidence. Hence, the study contributes to the country's aim of eliminating malaria by the year 2018. Methods: R software was used to statistically analyse the data. Using remote sensing technology; a Landsat 8 image of 4th October 2015 was classified using objectbased classification technique and a 5 m resolution spot height data was used to generate digital elevation model of the area. Results: A total of 60,718 malaria cases were notified across 48 health facilities in Nkomazi municipality within the 18 year period of investigation (January 1997 to August 2015). The study found that malaria incidence is highly associated with irrigated land (p = 0.001), water body (p = 0.011) and altitude ≤ 400 m (p = 0.001). The multivariate model showed that with 10% increase in the amount of irrigated areas, malaria risk increased by almost 39% in the entire study area and by almost 44% within the 2 km buffer of the selected villages. Malaria incidence in the study area is more pronounced within the economically active population of age group 15-64 and the male gender are at higher risk of malaria. The result also indicated that though malaria incidence in the study area is high, the incidence and its case fatality rate have drastically declined over the study period. Conclusion: Hence, a predictive model, based on environmental factors would be useful in the effort towards the elimination of the disease by fostering proper malaria control targeting and resource allocation.

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“…This is due to changes in ecological and hydrological conditions that lead to increased vector abundance (Baeza et al, 2013). Kibret et al (2014), who revealed that the irrigation schemes intensify malaria transmission due to poor water management in irrigation areas, support this theory.…”

Section: Data Pre-processing: Creating Continuous Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Modelling homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda

Bizimana¹,

Kienberger²,

Hagenlocher³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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Despite the decline in malaria incidence due to intense interventions, potentials for malaria transmission persist in Rwanda. To eradicate malaria in Rwanda, strategies need to expand beyond approaches that focus solely on malaria epidemiology and also consider the socioeconomic, demographic and biological/disease-related factors that determine the vulnerability of potentially exposed populations. This paper analyses current levels of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda by integrating a set of weighted vulnerability indicators. The paper uses regionalisation techniques as a spatially explicit approach for delineating homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria. This overcomes the limitations of administrative boundaries for modelling the trans-boundary social vulnerability to malaria. The utilised approach revealed high levels of social vulnerability to malaria in the highland areas of Rwanda, as well as in remote areas where populations are more susceptible. Susceptibility may be due to the populations' lacking the capacity to anticipate mosquito bites, or lacking resilience to cope with or recover from malaria infection. By highlighting the most influential indicators of social vulnerability to malaria, the applied approach indicates which vulnerability domains need to be addressed, and where appropriate interventions are most required. Interventions to improve the socioeconomic development in highly vulnerable areas could prove highly effective, and provide sustainable outcomes against malaria in Rwanda. This would ultimately increase the resilience of the population and their capacity to better anticipate, cope with, and recover from possible infection. IntroductionDespite various interventions to reduce the burden of malaria, the disease persists in many countries of the developing world. In 2012 there were approximately 562,000 malaria deaths in Africa, despite a slow decline since 2004 (WHO, 2014. Malaria decrease in Sub-Saharan Africa was generally associated with intense interventions and reduced vector density due to changing rainfall patterns (Meyrowitsch et al., 2011). Although considerable progress has been made in many countries, the general malaria burden remains high, particularly in young children and pregnant women (Roll Back Malaria, 2005). The Plasmodium (P.) falciparum prevalence rates in Rwanda increased until the late 1990s and early 2000s, after which a marked decrease was noted (Stern et al., 2011). Since 2004, interventions to prevent and control malaria in Rwanda have resulted in a substantial decline in malaria transmission, particularly as a result of improved access to effective treatment, increased use of bed nets, and indoor residual spraying (Karema et al., 2012). However, malaria incidence increased again between 2011 and 2012, revealing the fragility of the gains achieved (WHO, 2013). The results of an entomological survey of more than 50% exophile entomological inoculation rate (EIR) around Kigali City is also an indicator of potential transmission ga...

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Increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in Ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control

Cited by 89 publications

References 28 publications

Impact of an Irrigation Dam on the Transmission and Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Ghana

Impact of an Irrigation Dam on the Transmission and Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Ghana

Environmental factors and population at risk of malaria in Nkomazi municipality, South Africa

Modelling homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda

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