Increased Mast Cell Activation in Mongolian Gerbils Infected by Hepatitis E Virus

Liu, Tianlong; Xiao, Peng; Li, Ruiwen; She, Ruiping; Tian, Jianhui; Wang, Jing‐Yuan; Mao, Jingjing; Yin, Jingdong; Shi, Ruihan

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02226

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The gerbil model was also used to evaluate the role of mast cells during infection, which appear to increase upon disease progression in various liver disorders. It was demonstrated that the amount of mast cells increased in the liver and small intestines upon infection, as well as higher expression of tryptase and serotonin, which indicate activation of the cells [154].…”

Section: Other Small Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus

Corneillie

Banda

Meuleman

2019

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV was long considered to be confined to developing countries but there is increasing evidence that it is also a medical problem in the Western world. HEV that infects humans belongs to the Orthohepevirus A species of the Hepeviridae family. Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. Several cell culture models for HEV have been established in the past years, but their efficiency is usually relatively low. With the circulation of this virus and related viruses in a variety of species, several different animal models have been developed. In this review, we give an overview of these animal models, indicate their main characteristics, and highlight how they may contribute to our understanding of the basic aspects of the viral life cycle and cross-species infection, the study of pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.

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Section: Other Small Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus

Corneillie

Banda

Meuleman

2019

Viruses

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“…An immune-histological analysis of liver biopsies from HEV-infected acute liver failure patients showed that their cell counts of CD56+ were significantly higher than in biopsies from patients infected with HAV, HBV or HCV [110]. The number and the degree of activation of mast cells in Mongolian gerbils experimentally infected with HEV4 was also increased in both the liver and small intestine, suggesting that they are implicated in infection [111].…”

Section: Innate Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Med. 2020, 9, 331 9 of 25 activation of mast cells in Mongolian gerbils experimentally infected with HEV4 was also increased in both the liver and small intestine, suggesting that they are implicated in infection [111].…”

Section: Humoral and Cell-mediated Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatitis E Virus Infections

Lhomme

Marion

Abravanel

et al. 2020

JCM

102

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis throughout the world. Most infections are acute but they can become chronic in immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ transplant patients, patients with hematologic malignancy undergoing chemotherapy and those with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Extra-hepatic manifestations, especially neurological and renal diseases, have also been described. To date, four main genotypes of HEV (HEV1-4) were described. HEV1 and HEV2 only infect humans, while HEV3 and HEV4 can infect both humans and animals, like pigs, wild boar, deer and rabbits. The real epidemiology of HEV has been underestimated because most infections are asymptomatic. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute HEV infections, including severe hepatitis in patients with pre-existing liver disease and pregnant women. It also examines the mechanisms leading to chronic infection in immunocompromised patients and extra-hepatic manifestations. Acute infections are usually self-limiting and do not require antiviral treatment. Conversely, a chronic HEV infection can be cleared by decreasing the dose of immunosuppressive drugs or by treating with ribavirin for 3 months. Nevertheless, new drugs are needed for those cases in which ribavirin treatment fails.

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“…Knowledge on further protagonists in cellular innate immune response to HEV infection is rare. Studies on HEV-infected Mongolian gerbils showed an enhanced activation of mast cells, a cell population largely associated with allergic reactions, but also regarded as a connection between innate and adaptive immune response [ 135 , 136 ]. Besides, histologic liver analyses of patients with acute HEV infection verified neutrophils as the predominant population in inflammatory cell infiltrates [ 137 ].…”

Section: Immune Responses Induced Against Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus Infection—Immune Responses to an Underestimated Global Threat

Kupke

Werner

2021

Cells

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Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main ubiquitous causes for developing an acute hepatitis. Moreover, chronification plays a predominant role in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients with more frequent severe courses. Unfortunately, besides reduction of immunosuppression and off-label use of ribavirin or pegylated interferon alfa, there is currently no specific anti-viral treatment to prevent disease progression. So far, research on involved immune mechanisms induced by HEV is limited. It is very difficult to collect clinical samples especially from the early phase of infection since this is often asymptomatic. Nevertheless, it is certain that the outcome of HEV-infected patients correlates with the strength of the proceeding immune response. Several lymphoid cells have been identified in contributing either to disease progression or achieving sustained virologic response. In particular, a sufficient immune control by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is necessary to prevent chronic viral replication. Especially the mechanisms underlying fulminant courses are poorly understood. However, liver biopsies indicate the involvement of cytotoxic T cells in liver damage. In this review, we aimed to highlight different parts of the lymphoid immune response against HEV and point out questions that remain unanswered regarding this underestimated global threat.

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Increased Mast Cell Activation in Mongolian Gerbils Infected by Hepatitis E Virus

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus

Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus

Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatitis E Virus Infections

Hepatitis E Virus Infection—Immune Responses to an Underestimated Global Threat

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